Ruminant Head and Oral Cavity

Question 1

What are the causes of oral ulcers in a ruminant?

Answer 1

1. BVD
2. Malignant catarrhal fever
3. Uremia
4. Enzootic hemorrhagic disease
5. FMD
6. Rinderpest
7. Sharp enamel points
8. Forage
9. Vesicular stomatitis

Question 2

What 2 infectious diseases would cause (1) erosions on the nasal planum and (2) pus draining from the nares?

Answer 2

1. IBR

2. BVD

Question 3

True or False: Tooth root infections are rather common in cattle.

Answer 3

FALSE: tooth root infections are uncommon in cattle.

Question 4

What do you have to differentiate a tooth root infection from in cattle?

Answer 4

1. Lumpy jaw

2. Foreign body

Question 5

How would you treat a tooth root infection?

Answer 5

1. Tooth removal
2. Antibiotics
3. Sinus lavage

Question 6

Which is more common in cattle, mandibular or maxillary abscesses?

Answer 6

Mandibular abscesses

Question 7

What are 4 causes of facial nerve paralysis?

Answer 7

1. Listeriosis
2. Trauma
3. Space occupying mass
4. Rabies

Question 8

Sinusitis is a complication of what?

Answer 8

1. Dehorning

2. Idiopathic

Question 9

How would you treat sinusitis?

Answer 9

1. Antibiotics (long-term)

2. Lavage

Question 10

What is the organism that causes lumpy jaw?

Answer 10

Actinomyces bovis

Question 11

How would you treat lumpy jaw?

Answer 11

1. Long-term antibiotics

2. Sodium iodide IV

Question 12

What is the most common neoplasia in the cow?

Answer 12

Lymphosarcoma

Question 13

Of the causes of oral ulcers, which 3 are reportable?

Answer 13

1. FMD
2. Vesicular stomatitis
3. Rinderpest

Question 14

When do the center incisors erupt in the cow?

Answer 14

18-24 months of age

Question 15

When do the medial incisors erupt in the cow?

Answer 15

24-36 months of age

Question 16

When do the lateral incisors erupt in the cow?

Answer 16

3 years of age

Question 17

When do the corner incisors erupt in the cow?

Answer 17

3.5-4 years of age

Question 18

How many immature teeth does a cow have?

Answer 18

20

Question 19

How many mature teeth does a cow have?

Answer 19

32

Question 20

When are all 8 of the immature incisors present by in the cow?

Answer 20

4 weeks of age

Question 21

When are all immature premolars present in the cow?

Answer 21

Premolars are erupted at birth

Question 22

Where is the esophagus located on an endoscopic view?

Answer 22

Over the left corniculate process

Question 23

How much saliva does a bovine process in one day?

Answer 23

50 L

Question 24

Saliva of the bovine is high in ____ and ____.

Answer 24

Phosphate and bicarbonate

Question 25

How much bicarbonate is in each liter of saliva?

Answer 25

80 mEq / L

Question 26

What are the functions of phosphate and bicarbonate in the saliva?

Answer 26

Buffer the rumen

Question 27

What are the causes of excess salivation?

Answer 27

1. Rabies 2. Malignant catarrhal fever 3. Trauma 4. Choke 5. Foreign body 6. Wooden tongue 7. Diet - Slaframine

Question 28

What is the common name of necrotic laryngitis?

Answer 28

Calf diphtheria

Question 29

What is the causative agent/agents of necrotic laryngitis?

Answer 29

1. Fusobacterium | 2. Histophilus

Question 30

How would you treat necrotic laryngitis?

Answer 30

1. Long-term antibiotics | 2. Surgery to remove the affected arytenoid cartilage

Question 31

What is the cause of a retropharyngeal abscess?

Answer 31

Idiopathic

Question 32

How would you treat a retropharyngeal abscess?

Answer 32

Excise and drain into the pharynx

Question 33

What is the prognosis for calf diptheria?

Answer 33

Guarded

Question 34

What is the prognosis for pharyngeal trauma?

Answer 34

Guarded to poor

Question 35

What is the number one disease in the esophagus?

Answer 35

Choke

Question 36

True or False: Choke is not necessarily an emergency.

Answer 36

FALSE: Choke is a TRUE EMERGENCY.

Question 37

What are four signs associated with choke?

Answer 37

1. Anorexia 2. Salivation 3. Bloat 4. Neck extended

Question 38

True or False: With choke, the obstruction is always intraluminal.

Answer 38

FALSE: the obstruction is not always intraluminal

Question 39

What is the #1 site of choke?

Answer 39

Cranial part of the cervical esophagus

Question 40

True or False: The further down the choke obstruction, the more difficult it is to relieve.

Answer 40

TRUE

Question 41

Clinical pathology associated with choke would illustrate what two abnormalities?

Answer 41

1. Dehydration | 2. Metabolic acidosis (buffering agents in saliva are unable to pass into the rumen)

Question 42

Which of the following should you not use in cattle for standing surgeries, acepromazine or xylazine?

Answer 42

Xylazine

Question 43

What is the prognosis of choke?

Answer 43

Good, unless there is mucosal damage due to stricture formation

Question 44

How would you treat choke?

Answer 44

1. Relieve bloat (trochar) 2. Retrieve FB orally or via rumenotomy 3. Tube and lavage

Question 45

True or False: Megaesophagus is rare in ruminants.

Answer 45

TRUE

Question 46

Megaesophagus is associated with what?

Answer 46

Pharyngeal trauma; hiatal hernia

Question 47

What is megaesophagus associated with in camelids?

Answer 47

Repeated blood draws of IV catheterization on the left