Ruminant Head and Oral Cavity Flashcards
What are the causes of oral ulcers in a ruminant?
- BVD
- Malignant catarrhal fever
- Uremia
- Enzootic hemorrhagic disease
- FMD
- Rinderpest
- Sharp enamel points
- Forage
- Vesicular stomatitis
What 2 infectious diseases would cause (1) erosions on the nasal planum and (2) pus draining from the nares?
- IBR
2. BVD
True or False: Tooth root infections are rather common in cattle.
FALSE: tooth root infections are uncommon in cattle.
What do you have to differentiate a tooth root infection from in cattle?
- Lumpy jaw
2. Foreign body
How would you treat a tooth root infection?
- Tooth removal
- Antibiotics
- Sinus lavage
Which is more common in cattle, mandibular or maxillary abscesses?
Mandibular abscesses
What are 4 causes of facial nerve paralysis?
- Listeriosis
- Trauma
- Space occupying mass
- Rabies
Sinusitis is a complication of what?
- Dehorning
2. Idiopathic
How would you treat sinusitis?
- Antibiotics (long-term)
2. Lavage
What is the organism that causes lumpy jaw?
Actinomyces bovis
How would you treat lumpy jaw?
- Long-term antibiotics
2. Sodium iodide IV
What is the most common neoplasia in the cow?
Lymphosarcoma
Of the causes of oral ulcers, which 3 are reportable?
- FMD
- Vesicular stomatitis
- Rinderpest
When do the center incisors erupt in the cow?
18-24 months of age
When do the medial incisors erupt in the cow?
24-36 months of age
When do the lateral incisors erupt in the cow?
3 years of age
When do the corner incisors erupt in the cow?
3.5-4 years of age
How many immature teeth does a cow have?
20
How many mature teeth does a cow have?
32
When are all 8 of the immature incisors present by in the cow?
4 weeks of age
When are all immature premolars present in the cow?
Premolars are erupted at birth
Where is the esophagus located on an endoscopic view?
Over the left corniculate process
How much saliva does a bovine process in one day?
50 L
Saliva of the bovine is high in ____ and ____.
Phosphate and bicarbonate
How much bicarbonate is in each liter of saliva?
80 mEq / L
What are the functions of phosphate and bicarbonate in the saliva?
Buffer the rumen
What are the causes of excess salivation?
- Rabies
- Malignant catarrhal fever
- Trauma
- Choke
- Foreign body
- Wooden tongue
- Diet - Slaframine
What is the common name of necrotic laryngitis?
Calf diphtheria
What is the causative agent/agents of necrotic laryngitis?
- Fusobacterium
2. Histophilus
How would you treat necrotic laryngitis?
- Long-term antibiotics
2. Surgery to remove the affected arytenoid cartilage
What is the cause of a retropharyngeal abscess?
Idiopathic
How would you treat a retropharyngeal abscess?
Excise and drain into the pharynx
What is the prognosis for calf diptheria?
Guarded
What is the prognosis for pharyngeal trauma?
Guarded to poor
What is the number one disease in the esophagus?
Choke
True or False: Choke is not necessarily an emergency.
FALSE: Choke is a TRUE EMERGENCY.
What are four signs associated with choke?
- Anorexia
- Salivation
- Bloat
- Neck extended
True or False: With choke, the obstruction is always intraluminal.
FALSE: the obstruction is not always intraluminal
What is the #1 site of choke?
Cranial part of the cervical esophagus
True or False: The further down the choke obstruction, the more difficult it is to relieve.
TRUE
Clinical pathology associated with choke would illustrate what two abnormalities?
- Dehydration
2. Metabolic acidosis (buffering agents in saliva are unable to pass into the rumen)
Which of the following should you not use in cattle for standing surgeries, acepromazine or xylazine?
Xylazine
What is the prognosis of choke?
Good, unless there is mucosal damage due to stricture formation
How would you treat choke?
- Relieve bloat (trochar)
- Retrieve FB orally or via rumenotomy
- Tube and lavage
True or False: Megaesophagus is rare in ruminants.
TRUE
Megaesophagus is associated with what?
Pharyngeal trauma; hiatal hernia
What is megaesophagus associated with in camelids?
Repeated blood draws of IV catheterization on the left
