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Large Animal Medicine > Ruminant Head and Oral Cavity > Flashcards

Ruminant Head and Oral Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of oral ulcers in a ruminant?

A
  1. BVD
  2. Malignant catarrhal fever
  3. Uremia
  4. Enzootic hemorrhagic disease
  5. FMD
  6. Rinderpest
  7. Sharp enamel points
  8. Forage
  9. Vesicular stomatitis
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2
Q

What 2 infectious diseases would cause (1) erosions on the nasal planum and (2) pus draining from the nares?

A
  1. IBR

2. BVD

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3
Q

True or False: Tooth root infections are rather common in cattle.

A

FALSE: tooth root infections are uncommon in cattle.

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4
Q

What do you have to differentiate a tooth root infection from in cattle?

A
  1. Lumpy jaw

2. Foreign body

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5
Q

How would you treat a tooth root infection?

A
  1. Tooth removal
  2. Antibiotics
  3. Sinus lavage
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6
Q

Which is more common in cattle, mandibular or maxillary abscesses?

A

Mandibular abscesses

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7
Q

What are 4 causes of facial nerve paralysis?

A
  1. Listeriosis
  2. Trauma
  3. Space occupying mass
  4. Rabies
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8
Q

Sinusitis is a complication of what?

A
  1. Dehorning

2. Idiopathic

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9
Q

How would you treat sinusitis?

A
  1. Antibiotics (long-term)

2. Lavage

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10
Q

What is the organism that causes lumpy jaw?

A

Actinomyces bovis

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11
Q

How would you treat lumpy jaw?

A
  1. Long-term antibiotics

2. Sodium iodide IV

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12
Q

What is the most common neoplasia in the cow?

A

Lymphosarcoma

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13
Q

Of the causes of oral ulcers, which 3 are reportable?

A
  1. FMD
  2. Vesicular stomatitis
  3. Rinderpest
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14
Q

When do the center incisors erupt in the cow?

A

18-24 months of age

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15
Q

When do the medial incisors erupt in the cow?

A

24-36 months of age

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16
Q

When do the lateral incisors erupt in the cow?

A

3 years of age

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17
Q

When do the corner incisors erupt in the cow?

A

3.5-4 years of age

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18
Q

How many immature teeth does a cow have?

A

20

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19
Q

How many mature teeth does a cow have?

A

32

20
Q

When are all 8 of the immature incisors present by in the cow?

A

4 weeks of age

21
Q

When are all immature premolars present in the cow?

A

Premolars are erupted at birth

22
Q

Where is the esophagus located on an endoscopic view?

A

Over the left corniculate process

23
Q

How much saliva does a bovine process in one day?

A

50 L

24
Q

Saliva of the bovine is high in ____ and ____.

A

Phosphate and bicarbonate

25
Q

How much bicarbonate is in each liter of saliva?

A

80 mEq / L

26
Q

What are the functions of phosphate and bicarbonate in the saliva?

A

Buffer the rumen

27
Q

What are the causes of excess salivation?

A
  1. Rabies
  2. Malignant catarrhal fever
  3. Trauma
  4. Choke
  5. Foreign body
  6. Wooden tongue
  7. Diet - Slaframine
28
Q

What is the common name of necrotic laryngitis?

A

Calf diphtheria

29
Q

What is the causative agent/agents of necrotic laryngitis?

A
  1. Fusobacterium

2. Histophilus

30
Q

How would you treat necrotic laryngitis?

A
  1. Long-term antibiotics

2. Surgery to remove the affected arytenoid cartilage

31
Q

What is the cause of a retropharyngeal abscess?

A

Idiopathic

32
Q

How would you treat a retropharyngeal abscess?

A

Excise and drain into the pharynx

33
Q

What is the prognosis for calf diptheria?

A

Guarded

34
Q

What is the prognosis for pharyngeal trauma?

A

Guarded to poor

35
Q

What is the number one disease in the esophagus?

A

Choke

36
Q

True or False: Choke is not necessarily an emergency.

A

FALSE: Choke is a TRUE EMERGENCY.

37
Q

What are four signs associated with choke?

A
  1. Anorexia
  2. Salivation
  3. Bloat
  4. Neck extended
38
Q

True or False: With choke, the obstruction is always intraluminal.

A

FALSE: the obstruction is not always intraluminal

39
Q

What is the #1 site of choke?

A

Cranial part of the cervical esophagus

40
Q

True or False: The further down the choke obstruction, the more difficult it is to relieve.

A

TRUE

41
Q

Clinical pathology associated with choke would illustrate what two abnormalities?

A
  1. Dehydration

2. Metabolic acidosis (buffering agents in saliva are unable to pass into the rumen)

42
Q

Which of the following should you not use in cattle for standing surgeries, acepromazine or xylazine?

A

Xylazine

43
Q

What is the prognosis of choke?

A

Good, unless there is mucosal damage due to stricture formation

44
Q

How would you treat choke?

A
  1. Relieve bloat (trochar)
  2. Retrieve FB orally or via rumenotomy
  3. Tube and lavage
45
Q

True or False: Megaesophagus is rare in ruminants.

A

TRUE

46
Q

Megaesophagus is associated with what?

A

Pharyngeal trauma; hiatal hernia

47
Q

What is megaesophagus associated with in camelids?

A

Repeated blood draws of IV catheterization on the left

Large Animal Medicine (6 decks)

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