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Digestive Sys Exam 3 > Ruminant GI Physiology and Diseases (Niehaus) > Flashcards

Ruminant GI Physiology and Diseases (Niehaus) Flashcards

1
Q

Forestomach Anatomy
List the Four stomach compartments of a ruminant:

A
  1. Rumen
  2. Reticulum
  3. Omasum
  4. Abomasum
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2
Q

Ruminant Forestomach Anatomy:
- Largest stomach compartment in the adult
- “Fermentation vat”
- Microbes break down complex carbs
- Bacteria
- Protozoa
- Fungi
- Lined by papillae which increases surface area for absorption
- (not smooth)

A

Rumen

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3
Q

Ruminant Forestomach Anatomy:
- Aka. Hardware Stomach
- Honeycomb lined
- Cranial outpouching of rumen – collectively known as rumenoreticulum

A

Reticulum
- Cranioventral abdomen, adjacent to diaphragm
- Heart adjacent to diaphragm on other side

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4
Q

Ruminant Forestomach Anatomy:
- Right cranial abdomen
- Multiple leaves (“pages in a book”)
- Conduit b/w rumen and abomasum
- Absorbs water, electrolytes, VFA’s

A

Omasum “Butcher’s Bible”

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5
Q

Ruminant Forestomach Anatomy:
- The True Stomach
- Right ventral abdomen
- Glandular mucosa
- Secretes HCL (fundic region)
- Pepsinogen (pyloric region)
- Mucus (pyloric region)
- Largest compartment in calf and decreases in relative size as the animal matures

A

Abomasum

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6
Q

Innervation and Blood Supply:
- Arterial supply from ___(a)___
- Portal system
- Transport VFA’s and ammonia from rumen to liver
- Vagus Nerve (CrN 10)
- Dorsal trunk – __(b)__
- Ventral Trunk – ___(c)___

A

(a) Celiac - cranial mesenteric trunk
(b) Rumen
(c) Omasum, abomasum, reticulum

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7
Q
  • Known as:
    • Rumeno-reticulo groove
    • Gastric groove
  • Function:
    • Diverts milk directly to the abomasum
    • Suckling stimulates closure
A

Esophageal Groove

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8
Q

Rumen Bacteria:
- Methane-producing bacteria
- Regulate overall fermentation by removal of hydrogen
- As H2 is removed, H2 producing species proliferate

A

Methanogens

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9
Q
  • > 100 species; Diet affects distribution
  • Majority are ciliates
  • They ingest bacteria
    - Intraruminal Nitrogen recycling
A

Rumen Protozoa

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10
Q
  • degrade cellulose and xylans
  • Contribute to fiber degradation and facilitate bacterial colonization
  • Can become pathologic - mycotic rumenitis
A

Ruminal Fungi

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11
Q

Advantages:
- Energy from fibrous materials
- Microbes - amino acid source
- Produce B-vitamins
Disadvantages:
- Inefficient use of nutrients (starch, sugars, proteins)
- Biologic value of high-quality proteins decreased
- Fermentation can get out of control
These are the advantages & disadvantages of…

A

Pregastric Fermentation

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12
Q
  • Provide 80% of the host’s energy needs
  • Produced in the rumen in absorbed through the rumen wall
A

Volatile Fatty Acids

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13
Q

(T/F) Microbes and undigested feed material move to abomasum and are broken down as protein source for host

A

True

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14
Q

Causes:
- Esophageal obstruction
- Rumen Motility disorders
- Fluid/Foam at cardia
- Recumbency
- Frothy Bloat
Effects
- Push on diaphragm inhibiting respirations -> dyspnea -> death
- Rumen stretch can inhibit motility -> further gas accumulation

A

Rumen Tympany

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15
Q

Rumen Tympany:
- Physical obstruction prevents gas from eructation
- Passage of tube relieves bloat

A

Free Gas Bloat

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16
Q

Rumen Tympany:
- Thick foam cannot be eructated
- Foam will not pass through tube

A

Frothy Bloat

17
Q
  • Results in free gas bloat
  • Signs
    • Dysphagia
    • Drooling
    • Acidosis
  • May palpate the mass neck
  • Intraluminal vs. Extraluminal obstruction
  • Cattle vs. Small Ruminants
A

Choke (Esophageal obstruction)

18
Q
  • Gasses of fermentation stay within the ingesta and don’t coalesce
  • Lush legumes & high concentrate diets
  • Rapid digestibility -> Microbial proliferation -> Multiplying bacteria release mucopolysaccharide (slime/biofilm)
  • Small gas bubbles trapped in slime
  • Saliva has foam-retardant properties
A

Frothy Bloat

19
Q

What is the treatment for Frothy Bloat?

A
  • Poloxalene => breaks down foam
  • Rumenotomy
    • Relief of CHRONIC bloat
    • Seal created b/w rumen and skin
20
Q

What can disturbances of Vagal innervation lead to?

A

proximal GI dysfunction

21
Q
  • Dysfunction of the forestomach compartments due to compromise of vagal innervation. Rumen distension -> abdominal distension (“Papple”)
A

Vagal Indigestion

22
Q

List the four classifications of vagal indigestion:

A
  1. Failure of eructation – Free gas bloat
  2. Omasal transport failure (anterior functional stenosis) – true forestomach disease. Most common form of vagal indigestion. Rumen distends w/o abomasal distension
  3. Pyloric outflow obstruction (posterior functional stenosis) – internal vomiting (reflux of abomasal contents into rumen). Abomasum distends first followed by omasum, then rumen
  4. Indigestion of late pregnancy
23
Q

What type of lesions can cause interference with the vagal nerve?

A

Any lesion of the pharynx, neck, thorax, & cranial abdomen.

24
Q

List the Signs for Vagal Indigestion:

A
  • “Papple” shaped abdominal contour
  • Low heart rate
  • Hypermotile but weak ruminations
  • Scant feces
  • Passage of undigested feedstuff in manure
25
Q

Definition:
Over-ingestion of highly fermentable feeds such as cereal grains or fruit and root crops (feed beets, sugar beets, potatoes). Animals that slowly adapt to these feeds are less likely to develop acute rumen acidosis.

A

Grain Overload

26
Q

Excessive carbohydrate consumption -> rapid fermentation -> overproduction of lactic acid. A rapid decrease in rumen pH follows which results in the destruction of normal ruminal microbes and causes widespread ruminal dysfunction and systemic sequela.

A

Pathophysiology Overview for Grain Overload

27
Q

Lactic Acid:
- Microbes produce: ___(a)___
- Animals only produce __(b)__ clearance of L-lactate more efficient
- D-lactate accumulates
- Lactate metabolized by the liver - produces bicarbonate

A

(a) both D- and L- forms
(b) L- form

28
Q

Definition:
An inflammatory condition in cattle caused by ingestion of a sharp (usually a nail or wire) foreign body.

A

Hardware Disease
- Cattle are indiscriminate eaters – rarely see conditions in small ruminants

29
Q
  • Abnormal positioning of the abomasum
  • Most common surgical disease of dairy cattle
  • Partial to complete outflow obstruction
A

Abomasal Displacements

30
Q

Why do abomasal displacements occur?

A
  • GI (Abomasal) Atony
    • Change in diets
    • High concentration on diet
    • Concurrent diseases
  • Calving
    • the void in the abdomen
    • Metabolic demands
    • Prime Time for concurrent disease
31
Q

Abomasal Displacements
- Decreased Milk production
- Decreased appetite
- -/+ depression
- -/+ Ketosis
- “Ping”
These are the clinical signs:

A

Simple Displacement

32
Q

Abomasal Displacements
- Decreased Milk production
- Decreased appetite
- -/+ depression
- -/+ Ketosis
- “Ping”
- -/+ Colic
- Tachycardia
- Shock
- Death
These are the clinical signs:

A

Volvulus

33
Q

List the metabolic derangements for abomasal displacements:

A
  • Hypochloremic
  • Hypokalemic
  • Metabolic alkalosis
  • Lactic acidosis from ischemic volvulus possible in late stages of disease
34
Q

go back to abomasal displacement corrections

A

Digestive Sys Exam 3 (7 decks)

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