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Digestive Sys Exam 3 > GI Diseases of Camelids & Farm Animal Diarrhea (Lakritz) > Flashcards

GI Diseases of Camelids & Farm Animal Diarrhea (Lakritz) Flashcards

1
Q

Camelid GI

A

Camelid GI

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2
Q

(T/F) Camelids have 3 forestomach compartments

A

True

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3
Q

Camelids have 3 forestomach compartments:
- Is similar to rumen however there are differences
- Is NOT stratified like rumen. Mostly full of drier material unlike rumen
- Stratified means abnormality
- Has pillars

A

Compartment 1 (C1)

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4
Q

Camelids have 3 forestomach compartments:
- Is small and it is most like a reticulum in function

A

Compartment 2 (C2)

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5
Q

Camelids have 3 forestomach compartments:
- Is true stomach like the cows/sheep/goats abomasum
- Camelid stomach is a long, tubular structure with a thin wall except at the last 20% where the wall is thick. Thick area is where *gastric acid is produced and released into the stomach, unlike ruminant gastric compartment where glands are present throughout abomasum
- Last fifth contains gastric glands (enzymes, acid)

A

Compartment 3 (C3)

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6
Q

(T/F) Camelids have continuous growth of incisors

A

True
- They will need their incisors trimmed

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7
Q

What vitamin is important to give to camelids? Why?

A
  • Vitamin D
  • Camelids are covered in hair (fiber) which makes things difficult to synthesis of 1, 25-dihydroxy Vitamin D3. They are also susceptible to mites/lice which makes them itchy and they chew off hair (fiber) from which the gastric compartment makes hair balls. (thus obstructive GI disease)
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8
Q

Parasite:
Is regarded as the most pathogenic species and has caused outbreaks of disease and death in young alpacas

A

Eimeria macusaniensis
- Not shed every day, present in animals with colic

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9
Q

Parasites:
“can kill animals”

A

Trichuris

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10
Q

Parasites:
“can make them look like they wanna die”
- Severe disease in camelids

A

Nematodirus

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11
Q

In alpacas that are less than a week of age, what is the most common problem?

A

Retention of the meconium (feces formed in utero) and causes some cria discomfort and colic
- Remedy: an enema

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12
Q

Older cria (2-10 months of age), especially those born to alpacas/llamas with little milk production are prone to get what?

A

Hair balls, because the cria is always hungry

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13
Q
  • depression, colic
  • Hypokalemia
  • No hypochloremia, no alkalosis
  • Azotemia
  • Febrile
  • Hypoalbuminemia
  • Neutropenia, increased neutrophils
  • Abdominocentesis increased protein, cells
A

Acute enteritis

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14
Q

List common GI problems in adult camelids:

A
  • Mega esophagus
  • Spiral colon impaction, volvulus
  • Abdominal neoplasia
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15
Q

What is the most common problem seen in camelids?

A

Parasitism
- May predispose to t=other problems

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16
Q

List cria common problems:

A
  • Distal intestinal
  • Some C3
  • Problems with the dam – Check Cria!
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17
Q

what may be associated with extra-intestinal causes?

A

Abnormal GI
- Renal, hepatic, stress …

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18
Q

Diarrheal Disease of Adult Cattle

A

Diarrheal Disease of Adult Cattle

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19
Q

List the common intestinal infection of adult cattle:

A
  • Bovine Virus Diarrhea virus (BVDV)
    • killed or modified live vaccines
  • Salmonellosis
    • S. typhimurium
    • S. dublin (host-adapted) (stressed)
    • S. newport (emerging problem)
  • Paratuberculosis/Johne’s Disease
  • Ostertagasis type II
  • Winter Dysentery (Coronaviral infection)
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20
Q

What is a virus that is found worldwide with > 80% of cattle being serologically positive?

A

Bovine Virus Diarrhea virus (BVDV)
- Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae

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21
Q

(T/F) BVDV is an immunosuppressive virus

A

True, it doesn’t attack the respiratory system

22
Q

Mode of Transmission:
- Shed in oral, nasal secretions as well as feces and urine
- Found in semen
- Might be spread through biting insects
- Iatrogenically through blood contaminated instruments such as tattoo, needles
This is …

A

BVDv

23
Q

Acute BVD
List the clinical signs usually seen in cattle less than 2 years of age:

A
  • Fever
  • Depression
  • Diarrhea w/wo blood
  • Oral, esophageal, and abomasal ulcers
  • Less commonly, lameness with coronary ulcerations
  • Typical clinical course is 7-10 days with low mortality in uncomplicated cases
24
Q

BVD:
Calves develop ______________ when infected in-utero (about 80-120 days of gestation) due to body recognition of the virus as a self-antigen

A

persistent infection

25
Q

(T/F) PI cattle are more susceptible to many infections and most are treated for recurring disease, either respiratory or GI

A

True

26
Q

What is associated with cattle that were born infected with BVDV during gestation?

A

Mucosal Disease
- Prior to immunological development, the pathogen is not recognized by the immune responses as foreign

27
Q

Clinical signs are usually amplified from those of acute BVD
- Sever, explosive diarrhea
- Severe gastrointestinal ulceration including necrosis of Peyer’s patches
- Erosion of the muzzle and oral cavity & esophagus
- High fevers
- Poor response to treatments
- Mortality essentially 100%

A

Mucosal Disease

28
Q

What is the most common viral cause of diarrhea in dairy cows?

A

Winter Dysentery and is due to infection with a coronavirus
- Incubation is 3-5 days

29
Q

What is a disease that generally takes a long time to manifest clinical signs?

A

Johnes Disease

30
Q

What is the causative agent for Johnes disease?

A

Mycobacterium avium, sub-species paratuberculosis

31
Q

List the clinical signs of Johnes Disease:

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Weight loss/loss of condition
  • Very, very good appetite
    • they are not gaining weight
  • Once these clinical signs are evident, the animal may succumb to severe nutritional deprivation (found dead)
  • Organism grows slowly, do not manifest themselves until 2-7 years of age
32
Q

List what is included when testing for Johnes disease:

A
  • Agar-gel immunodiffusion (AGID)
    - Serologic test
    - Very SENSITIVE
    - Takes some time (48hrs) for the test to incubate
    - It will detect organism at lower level than competitive ELISA
  • Complement fixation test
    - Unreliable
    - It is a test you could use if you wanted animal to TEST NEGATIVE
    - Not really used
  • Bacterial culture combined with PCR to detect the presence of the organism
    - Takes
  • Competitive ELISA
    - Serologic Test
33
Q

What is a disease associated with young animals (<2 years) and is associated with the consumption of L3 larvae on pasture followed by change in weather?

A

Type II ostertagiasis
- Most common pathogenic strongyles of cattle
- Ostertagia ostergii in abomasal wall
- Hibernate in gastric glands
- Increases abomasal pH

34
Q

(T/F) Ostertagia type II is fairly easy to diagnos e

A

False, difficult to diagnose

35
Q

List the hallmarks of clinical disease for Type II ostertagiasis:

A
  • Young animal
  • Low plasma protein
  • Alkaline pH of the abomasum (loss of acid production by glands associated with inflammation)
    - digestive enzymes are not activated – pepsinogen activated to pepsin
36
Q

Malignant catarrhal fever in North America is caused by:

A

Ovine Herpes Virus Type II

37
Q

What is something that shows progressive clinical signs, illness including a respiratory tract that progresses in some cases to neurologic disease?

A

Malignant Catarrhal Fever
- Bison are extremely susceptible to this disease

38
Q

What is a question you would ask a client if you think their animal has MCF?

A

Ask owner if the bovine had any exposure to Sheep

39
Q

(T/F) MCF is a sporadic disease

A

True

40
Q

List the Clinical Signs for Malignant Catarrhal Fever:

A
  • High mortality, low morbidity
  • Diarrhea
  • Catarrhal nasal exudate, ocular discharge
  • Corneal edema with hypopyon/retinitis
  • Lymphadenopathy - generalized
  • Pneumonia
41
Q

(T/F) Stressed cattle shed salmonella and often asymptomatic

A

True

42
Q

What are some Other causes for adult diarrhea in cattle?

A
  • Copper Deficiency (tart)
  • Feeding indiscretions
  • Heart failure
  • Renal disease
43
Q

Nutrition and Herd Health

A

Nutrition and Herd Health

44
Q

Definition:
pasture grass that has been ‘pickled’

A

Silage

45
Q
  • The last 3 weeks of pregnancy and the first 3 weeks of lactation
  • Major change from pregnant dry cow to lactating (non-pregnant cow)
  • Most health disorders occur during this time period
    This is known as …
A

Transition Period
- Most common diseases: abomasal displacements, retained fetal membranes, ketosis, mastitis and even lameness
(these problems make animals more susceptible to other diseases (pneumonia))

46
Q

What is an important thing to do during the “transition period”?

A

Feeding animals appropriately is important for their milk production (productivity) as well preventing disease

47
Q

List some periparturient cow disorders:

A
  • Ruminal acidosis
  • Sub-clinical ketosis
  • Hypocalcemia
48
Q

Camels fed potato chips:
Why is feeding grain (about 80% phosphate), potato chips (phosphate), etc. bad?

A
  • Especially in growing animals, calcium and phosphorus balance is critical (2:1 ratio of Ca:P)
  • It can result in bone formation problems and eventually lameness or endocrine disease (hyperparathyroidism)
49
Q

If you diagnose lameness and observe abnormalities of the head in a young camel, what is this most likely associated with?

A

It is probably associated with an imbalance of Calcium:phosphorus or in some cases, hyperparathyroidism

50
Q

Camels:
If the client feels like the animal needs grain, what can they do?

A

Make sure the diet contains lots of calcium (at least 2:1 ration in growing camels)

51
Q

What vitamin can cause a deficiency in Ca2+?

A

Vitamin D

Digestive Sys Exam 3 (7 decks)

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