Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Digestive Sys Exam 3 > Pathophysiology of Intestinal Obstruction in the Horse (Mudge) > Flashcards

Pathophysiology of Intestinal Obstruction in the Horse (Mudge) Flashcards

1
Q

Take me from the esophagus to anus – what is the order of the equine digestive tract?

A
  1. Esophagus
  2. Stomach (cranial left side)
  3. Duodenum (right -> left)
  4. Jejunum (70ft long)
  5. Ileum
  6. Cecum (right side)
  7. Right ventral colon
  8. Sternal flexure
  9. Left ventral colon
  10. Pelvic flexure
  11. Left dorsal colon
  12. Diaphragmatic flexure
  13. Right dorsal colon
  14. Transverse colon
  15. Descending (small) colon
  16. Rectum
  17. Anus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is colic?

A
  • Refers to abdominal pain
  • Usually involves the disorders of the gastrointestinal system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many feet of small intestine does the average adult horse have?

A

70ft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Classification of Obstruction:
Includes simple and strangulating
- Luminal obstruction causes accumulation of solid, liquid, and gas
- Acute onset of clinical signs

A

Complete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Classification of Obstruction:
Usually simple obstruction
- Luminal obstruction causes accumulation of solid +/- liquid
- Often liquids and gas ‘squeak’ past the obstruction
- Slower onset of signs of an obstruction than complete

A

Incomplete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Simple Obstructions:
- Stricture
- Intraluminal
- Intraluminal Obstruction
- Impaction (feed or sand)
- Enterolith
- Mass (neoplasia or FB)
- Extraluminal

A

Mechanical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Simple Obstructions:
- Visceral displacements

A

Malposition
- “large colon”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Simple Obstructions:
- Ileus
- Inflammation (enteritis)

A

Functional
- not a true obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Simple intestinal obstruction can lead to increased intraluminal pressure. What are 3 secondary intestinal effects that can occur after simple obstruction?

A
  • Decreased perfusion to seromuscular and mucosal layers
  • Increased microvascular permeability
  • Mesothelial cell loss, neutrophil infiltration, edema – can lead to adhesion formation
  • Can also lead to pressure necrosis, especially with a solid obstruction (enterolith)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Definition:
an abnormal union of membranous surfaces due to inflammation or injury.

A

Adhesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List simple obstructions in the small intestine:

A
  • Impaction
    • Ileal impaction
    • Ascarids
    • Foreign body (rare)
  • Mass/ neoplasia (not very common)
  • Adhesions
  • Intussusception
    • initially non-strangulating
  • Functional
    • ileus
    • enteritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List simple obstructions – Large Intestinal Impaction/Obstruction:

A
  • Feed impaction
    • Pelvic Flexure
    • Right dorsal colon/ Transverse colon
    • Cecum (less common)
      • Type I = feed
      • Type II = functional/fluid
    • Small colon
      • Often inflammatory
  • Narrowing of the intestinal lumen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List other simple obstructions – Large Intestinal Impaction/Obstruction:

A
  • Sand Impaction
    • RDC
  • Enterolith
    • RDC
    • Transverse & Small Colon
  • Fecalith
    • Small Colon - Minis and foals
    • Phytotrichobezoars (eating hair)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List the Risk Factors for simple Obstructions:

A
  • Ileal Impaction
  • Jejunal Impaction
  • Ileocecal, cecoceal, cecocolic intussusception
  • Large colon impactions (stress, diet, dentition, dehydration)
  • Large colon displacement (recent dietary changes, recent parturition, large breed)
  • Enterolithiasis (alfalfa hay, breed (Arabian, Miniature), lack of pasture access, geography)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are enteroliths made of?
(enteroliths are made of magnesium, ammonium, phosphate)

A

Struvite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which of the following is a simple obstruction?
a. Transverse colon impaction
b. Peritonitis
c. Inguinal hernia
d. Large colon volvulus

A

a. Transverse colon impaction

17
Q

What are 4 common causes of non-strangulating (simple) obstruction of the large colon in the horse?

A
  1. Large colon Impaction
  2. Small colon Impaction
  3. Enterolithiasis
  4. Large colon Displacement
    • Right dorsal and left dorsal displacement could be counted separately
18
Q

Definition:
are intestinal stones that form within the colon and can obstruct the intestine, resulting in colic

A

Enteroliths

19
Q

List Strangulating obstructions in the Small Intestine:

A
  • Mesenteric Volvulus
  • Constricting bands
    • Pedunculated lipoma
  • Herniation
  • Entrapment
  • Intussusception = can become strangulated
20
Q

List Stangulating Obstruction in Large Intestine:

A
  • Large Colon Volvulus
  • Small Colon Constriction
    • Pedunculated lipoma
21
Q

Definition:
occurs when a loop of intestine twists around itself and the mesentery that supports it, causing bowel obstruction

A

Volvulus

22
Q

From the time of twisting, how long does it take for it to become chronic?

A

6 hours

23
Q

List the Secondary Effects of Strangulating Obstruction:

A
  • Hypovolemic Shock
  • SIRS/Endotoxemia (Septic Shock)
  • Obstructive Shock
  • Pain
24
Q

What contributes to shock?

A
  • Third spacing of fluids within the obstructed lumen
  • Sweating and increased insensible losses
  • Reduced/absent volume intake
  • Endotoxemia can develop with intestinal stasis
25
Q

List the Risk factors for Strangulating Obstructions:

A
  • Strangulating Lipoma (older age)
  • Epiploic foramen entrapment (cribber)
  • Inguinal hernia
  • Large colon volvulus
26
Q

Which type of colic would most likely result in severe, acute onset of pain?
a. Large colon volvulus
b. Large colon impaction
c. Right dorsal displacement of the large colon
d. Enterolith in the RDC

A

a. Large colon volvulus

b. Large colon impaction
c. Right dorsal displacement of the large colon
d. Enterolith in the RDC
these are simple obstructions & begin as incomplete obstructions

27
Q

Which of the following is a simple obstruction?
a. Large colon volvulus
b. Strangulating lipoma of the small intestine
c. Large colon impaction
d. Epiploic foramen entrapment

A

c. Large colon impaction

28
Q

List Non- Strangulating Infarction (difficult diagnosis):

A
  • Post-Trauma
    • Damage to small colon mesentery during foaling
  • Embolic
    • Parasitic migration
    • Salmonellosis
29
Q

List Non-Obstructive Colic:

A
  • Gastric Ulcers
  • Inflammatory
    • Enterocolitis
    • Peritonitis
  • Intra-abdominal but not intestinal
    • Urogenital
    • Liver/Spleen
    • Peritonitis
  • Non-abdominal “Look-alikes”
    • Laminitis
    • Rhabdomyolysis
    • Pleuritis
    • Neuromuscular disease
30
Q

What is causing the pain?

A
  • Visceral pain – enteric neurons
  • Intestinal distention
  • Traction on mesentery
  • Inflammation
  • Ischemia
31
Q

Differential Diagnosis:
Geriatric horse with severe pain

A

Strangulating lipoma of the small intestine

32
Q

Differential Diagnosis:
Post-partum mare with severe pain

A

Large colon volvulus (if immediately post-partum, r/o uterine artery bleed)

33
Q

Differential Diagnosis:
Miniature horse with colic and reduced fecal output

A

Fecalith (or enterolith)

34
Q

Differential Diagnosis:
Recently dewormed weanling with dilated small intestine

A

Ascarid impaction of the small intestine

35
Q

What is the most common cause of colic in a neonatal foal?

A

Meconium impaction – Often tail flag (12-72hrs)

36
Q

How quickly would you expect mucosal degeneration after the start of an ischemic large colon volvulus?

A

3 hours

37
Q

Fill in the blanks:
The intestinal _____(a)____ is most susceptible to early ischemia due to hypoxia, whereas the intestinal _____(b)_____ is relatively resistant to injury since they have a vascular supply that is separate from the countercurrent exchange

A

(a) villus (tip)
(b) crypt

38
Q

List 5 different causes of small intestinal strangulation in the horse:

A
  • Pedunculated lipoma
  • Inguinal/scrotal hernia
  • Epiploic foramen entrapment
  • Gastrospenic entrapment
  • Mesenteric rent
  • Meckel’s diverticulum
  • Mesenteric volvulus

Digestive Sys Exam 3 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions