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Anesthesiology > Ruminant and Camelid Anesthesia > Flashcards

Ruminant and Camelid Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

True/False: it is generally easily to restrain ruminants for a procedure without anesthesia or sedation.

A

True. Procedures can be done either standing or laying down. Keep procedure time to a minimum when laying down.

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2
Q

What is special anatomically about ruminants compared to other species?

A

They have a 4 compartment stomach with a rumen that does not fully empty.

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3
Q

What is special about camelids compared to other species?

A

3 compartment stomach; no jugular groove; RBC have greater oxygen carrying capacity; obligate nasal breathers

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4
Q

What are the aspects of a pre-anesthetic evaluation?

A

Physical exam: auscultation of heart and lungs; temperament

Bloodwork: PCV/TS are a minimum, glucose if neonate

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5
Q

True/False: we fast ruminants in order to minimize bloat and regurgitation pre-op.

A

True

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6
Q

How long do we fast sheep and goats?

A

Off feed 12-18 hours, off water for 4 hours

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7
Q

How long do we fast adult cattle and camelids?

A

Off feed 12-18 hours, off water 8-12 hours

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8
Q

How long do we fast large mature bulls?

A

Off feed and water 24-36 hours

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9
Q

How long do we fast calves, lambs, and kids?

A

No fasting if > 1 month but not adult

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10
Q

What is a side effect of fasting cattle?

A

Causes bradycardia

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11
Q

Where do we place the catheter in cattle, goats, and sheep?

A

IV catheter in jugular vein. Can also use auricular vein, coccygeal vein, or cephalic vein in small ruminants and camelids

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12
Q

What size catheter is used in ruminants?

A

Adult cattle: 12-14 gauge

Calves, goats, sheep: 16-18 gauge

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13
Q

Where do we place the catheter in camelids?

A

3-4 cm dorsal to angle of ventral border of mandible, or cranial to the ventral process of 5th cervical vertebra. NOT in between –> carotid artery puncture.

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14
Q

What are some common complications in ruminants and camelids?

A

Hypersalivation, bloat, hypoventilation, regurgitation (possible aspiration pneumonia), and metabolic alkalosis (secondary to fasting)

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15
Q

True/False: intubation is done blindly in all ruminants and camelids.

A

False. Blind intubation and palpation in cows and large calves, visualization required in small ruminants and camelids.

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16
Q

Why is intubation difficult in small ruminants and camelids?

A

Elongated, narrow oral cavity; torus linguae; laryngospasm; regurgitation

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17
Q

What size ET tube should be used in ruminants?

A

Adult cattle: 20-30 mm ID
Calves: 8-12 mm ID
Adult sheep and goats: 7-12 mm ID

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18
Q

True/False: acepromazine may be used for premedication in all ruminants.

A

False! It’s not approved for use in food animals by FDA.

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19
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of acepromazine in ruminants?

A

Slow onset, prolonged effects, and long elimination time

20
Q

What are some side effects of acepromazine in ruminants?

A

May increase risk of regurgitation, contraindicated in hypovolemic or debilitated patients, can cause penile priapism in bulls

21
Q

True/False: xylazine is not approved for use in food animals by FDA.

A

True

22
Q

What are some species and breed differences in sensitivity to xylazine?

A

Goats are most sensitive; more potent in ruminants than in horses (use ~1/10th equine IV dose); Herefords and Brahmans are more sensitive than other cattle; a stressful environment can cause a prolonged response in cattle

23
Q

What are the CV effects of xylazine in ruminants?

A

Bradycardia, AV dissociation, myocardial depression (decreased CO); may cause hypoxemia and hypercapnia and pulmonary edema (extreme caution in sheep)

24
Q

What are some other side effects of xylazine in ruminants?

A

Uterine contraction in cows and sheep; rumen atony and bloat, hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, increased urine production

25
Q

What are the 2 options for reversal of Alpha-2 agonists in ruminants?

A

Atipamezole and yohimbine

26
Q

True/False: romifidine, medetomidine, and dexmedetomidine are more potent than xylazine in ruminants.

A

True

27
Q

What are the effects of benzodiazepines in ruminants?

A

No analgesic effects, minimal sedation

28
Q

True/False: benzodiazepines are typically used alone for induction in ruminants.

A

False. Typically used with ketamine.

29
Q

How are benzodiazepines reversed in ruminants?

A

With flumazenil

30
Q

What are some side effects of opioid use in ruminants?

A

May cause excitement or vocalization; can be detected in the milk up to 36 hours

31
Q

True/False: anticholinergics are typically used for anesthesia in ruminants.

A

False

32
Q

What are some side effects of anticholinergics in ruminants?

A

Salivary secretions become more viscous and could obstruct the airway; decreases GI motility (causes bloat)

33
Q

What are some side effects of telazol in ruminants?

A

Can have a prolonged recovery; can cause CV depression

34
Q

What are some side effects of propofol in ruminants?

A

Apnea and hypotension may occur with rapid administration.

35
Q

What is the oxygen flow rate for ruminants?

A

10-20 mL/kg/min

36
Q

What is the MAC for Iso in ruminants?

A

Cows: ~1.14%
Goats: 1.2-1.5%
Sheep: 1.58%

37
Q

What is the MAC of Sevo in ruminants?

A

Can be set at 2.0-3.5%; 2.33 % in goats

38
Q

What is the normal heart rate for ruminants?

A

Adult cattle: 60-90 bpm
Calves, sheep, goats: 90-130 bpm
Camelids: 80-100 bpm (100-125 bpm in juveniles)

39
Q

What is the normal blood pressure in ruminants?

A

Cattle: SAP 120-150 mmHg, DAP 80-110 mmHg, MAP 90-120 mmHg

Sheep, goats, camelids: SAP 80-110 mmHg, DAP 60-80 mmHg, MAP 60-100 mmHg

40
Q

Where can you do direct BP monitoring in ruminants?

A

Caudal auricular artery, saphenous artery, common digital artery

41
Q

What is the normal spontaneous breathing rate for ruminants?

A

Adult cattle: 20-30 breaths/min or higher
Calves, sheep, goats: 20-40 breaths/min
Camelids: 15-30 breaths/min (20-35 breaths/min in juveniles)

42
Q

How do we monitor anesthetic depth in ruminants?

A

Eye signs: palpebral reflex is unreliable, especially in camelids; spontaneous ventral eyelid movement implies light plane
Spontaneous swallowing: indicates a light plane of anesthesia, but may be present with patient at adequate plane for surgery
Muscle tone and movement

43
Q

What happens to the palpebral reflex in ruminants when light anesthesia is reached?

A

It disappears

44
Q

What happens with the eyes at induction in ruminants?

A

The eyeball rotates ventrally and the cornea is obscured partially by lower lid

45
Q

What happens to the pupil with deepening anesthesia in ruminants?

A

It becomes completely hidden by the lower lid

46
Q

What happens to the eyeball as you get a further increase in anesthetic depth in ruminants?

A

Dorsal rotation to central positioning

47
Q

True/False: during recovery of ruminants, you leave the ET tube in place until the patient begins to chew on it.

A

True. ET tube is left in place until a strong swallowing reflex returns and the patient is able to remain sternal and hold its head up

Anesthesiology (10 decks)

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