Rules for English consonant allophones Flashcards

1
Q

Consonants are longer when at ________.

A

Consonants are longer when at the end of a phrase.

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2
Q

Voiceless stops are aspirated when they are ________.

A

Voiceless stops are aspirated when they are syllable initial (as in words such as pip, test, kick)

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3
Q

Obstruents classified as voiced are voiceless only through a small part of the articulation when they occur at _________ or (before/after) a ____ ______.

A

Obstruents (stops and fricatives) classified as voiced are voiced through only a small part of the articulation when they occur at the end of an utterance or before a voiceless sound.

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4
Q

So-called voiced stops and affricates are voiceless when ______ _______, except when _____ _______ by a _______ sound

A

So-called voiced stops and affricates are voiceless when syllable initial, except when immediately preceded by a voiced sound (compare “a day” to “this day”)

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5
Q

Voiceless stops are unaspirated (before/after) ___ in words such as ____, ____, ____.

A

Voiceless stops are unaspirated after /s/ in words such as spew, stew, skew.

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6
Q

Voiceless obstruents are longer than the _____ ______ ______ when at _____________.

A

Voiceless obstruents are longer than the corresponding voiced obstruents when at the end of a syllable.

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7
Q

Approximates are at least partially voiceless when they occur (before/after) ______ ______.

A

Approximates are at least partially voiceless when they occur after initial /p, t, k/ (as in play, twin, cue).

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8
Q

The gestures for consecutive stops overlap, so that stops are ____ when they occur (before/after) ______ ___.

A

The gestures for consecutive stops overlap, so that stops are unexploded when they occur before another stop (words such as apt, rubbed)

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9
Q

In many accents of English, syllable-final /p,t,k/ are accompanied by an overlapping ____ _____.

A

In many accents of English, syllable final /p,t,k/ are accompanied by an overlapping glottal gesture. (rule 9)

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10
Q

In many accents of English, /t/ is replaced by a glottal stop when it occurs (before/after) an ______ _____ in the same word.

A

In many accents of English, /t/ is replaced by a glottal stop when it occurs before an alveolar nasal in the same word, (like “beaten”)

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11
Q

Nasals are syllabic at the _________ when immediately (before/after) an _______.

A

Nasals are syllabic at the end of a word when immediately after an obstruent (leaden, chasm)

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12
Q

The liquids /l,r/ are syllabic at ________ when immediately (before/after) a ______.

A

The liquids /l,r/ are syllabic at the end of a word when immediately after a consonant.

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13
Q

Alveolar stops become voiced taps when they occur between two _______ the second of which is ________.

A

Alveolar stops become voiced taps when they occur between two vowels the second of which is unstressed.

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14
Q

Alveolar consonants become dentals (before/after) _____ ______.

A

Alveolar consonants become dentals before dental consonants (eighth, tenth, wealth)

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15
Q

Alveolar stops are reduced or omitted when between two ______.

A

Alveolar stops are reduced or omitted when between two consonants.

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16
Q

A homorganic voiceless stop may occur after a ____ before a ____ _____ followed by an ______ vowel in the same word.

A

A homorganic voiceless stop may occur after a nasal before a voiceless fricative followed by an unstressed vowel in the same word.

17
Q

A consonant is shortened when it is (before/after) an _____ _______.

A

A consonant is shortened when it is before an identical consonant.

18
Q

Velar stops become more front (before/after) ____ _____ _____.

A

Velar stops become more front before more front vowels.

19
Q

The lateral /l/ is velarized after a _____ or before a _____ at _______.

A

The lateral /l/ is velarized after a vowel or before a consonant at the end of a word.

20
Q

The lateral /l/ is ______ after a vowel or before a consonant at the end of a word.

A

The lateral /l/ is velarized after a vowel or before a consonant at the end of a word.

21
Q

Velar stops become ___ ____before more front vowels.

A

Velar stops become more front before more front vowels.

22
Q

A consonant is ______ when it is before an identical consonant.

A

A consonant is _____ when it is before an identical consonant.

23
Q

A _____ ______ ____ may occur after a nasal before a voiceless fricative followed by an unstressed vowel in the same word.

A

A homorganic voiceless stop may occur after a nasal before a voiceless fricative followed by an unstressed vowel in the same word.

24
Q

Alveolar stops are _____ or _______ when between two consonants.

A

Alveolar stops are reduced or omitted when between two consonants.

25
Q

Alveolar consonants become _______ before dental consonants

A

Alveolar consonants become dentals before dental consonants (eighth, tenth, wealth)

26
Q

Alveolar stops become _____ ____ when they occur between two vowels the second of which is unstressed.

A

Alveolar stops become voiced taps when they occur between two vowels the second of which is unstressed.

27
Q

The liquids /l,r/ are ______ at the end of a word when immediately after a consonant.

A

The liquids /l,r/ are syllabic at the end of a word when immediately after a consonant.

28
Q

Nasals are ______ at the end of a word when immediately after an obstruent

A

Nasals are syllabic at the end of a word when immediately after an obstruent (leaden, chasm)

29
Q

In many accents of English, /t/ is _____ by a ______ ____ when it occurs before an alveolar nasal in the same word

A

In many accents of English, /t/ is replaced by a glottal stop when it occurs before an alveolar nasal in the same word, (like “beaten”)

30
Q

In many accents of English, _____-_____ /p,t,k/ are accompanied by an overlapping glottal gesture.

A

In many accents of English, syllable final /p,t,k/ are accompanied by an overlapping glottal gesture. (rule 9)

31
Q

The gestures for consecutive stops _____, so that stops are unexploded when they occur before another stop

A

The gestures for consecutive stops overlap, so that stops are unexploded when they occur before another stop (words such as apt, rubbed)

32
Q

Approximates are at least partially ______ when they occur after initial /p, t, k/

A

Approximates are at least partially voiceless when they occur after initial /p, t, k/ (as in play, twin, cue).

33
Q

Voiceless obstruents are ______ than the corresponding voiced obstruents when at the end of a syllable.

A

Voiceless obstruents are longer than the corresponding voiced obstruents when at the end of a syllable.

34
Q

Voiceless stops are ______ after /__/ in words such as spew, stew, skew.

A

Voiceless stops are unaspirated after /s/ in words such as spew, stew, skew.

35
Q

So-called voiced stops and affricates are _______ when syllable initial, except when immediately preceded by a voiced sound

A

So-called voiced stops and affricates are voiceless when syllable initial, except when immediately preceded by a voiced sound (compare “a day” to “this day”)

36
Q

Obstruents (stops and fricatives) classified as voiced are _____ through ____________ of the articulation when they occur at the end of an utterance or before a voiceless sound.

A

Obstruents (stops and fricatives) classified as voiced are voiced through only a small part of the articulation when they occur at the end of an utterance or before a voiceless sound.

37
Q

Voiceless stops are ______ when they are syllable initial

A

Voiceless stops are aspirated when they are syllable initial (as in words such as pip, test, kick)

38
Q

Consonants are _____ when at the end of a phrase.

A

Consonants are longer when at the end of a phrase.