Rules for English consonant allophones Flashcards
Consonants are longer when at ________.
Consonants are longer when at the end of a phrase.
Voiceless stops are aspirated when they are ________.
Voiceless stops are aspirated when they are syllable initial (as in words such as pip, test, kick)
Obstruents classified as voiced are voiceless only through a small part of the articulation when they occur at _________ or (before/after) a ____ ______.
Obstruents (stops and fricatives) classified as voiced are voiced through only a small part of the articulation when they occur at the end of an utterance or before a voiceless sound.
So-called voiced stops and affricates are voiceless when ______ _______, except when _____ _______ by a _______ sound
So-called voiced stops and affricates are voiceless when syllable initial, except when immediately preceded by a voiced sound (compare “a day” to “this day”)
Voiceless stops are unaspirated (before/after) ___ in words such as ____, ____, ____.
Voiceless stops are unaspirated after /s/ in words such as spew, stew, skew.
Voiceless obstruents are longer than the _____ ______ ______ when at _____________.
Voiceless obstruents are longer than the corresponding voiced obstruents when at the end of a syllable.
Approximates are at least partially voiceless when they occur (before/after) ______ ______.
Approximates are at least partially voiceless when they occur after initial /p, t, k/ (as in play, twin, cue).
The gestures for consecutive stops overlap, so that stops are ____ when they occur (before/after) ______ ___.
The gestures for consecutive stops overlap, so that stops are unexploded when they occur before another stop (words such as apt, rubbed)
In many accents of English, syllable-final /p,t,k/ are accompanied by an overlapping ____ _____.
In many accents of English, syllable final /p,t,k/ are accompanied by an overlapping glottal gesture. (rule 9)
In many accents of English, /t/ is replaced by a glottal stop when it occurs (before/after) an ______ _____ in the same word.
In many accents of English, /t/ is replaced by a glottal stop when it occurs before an alveolar nasal in the same word, (like “beaten”)
Nasals are syllabic at the _________ when immediately (before/after) an _______.
Nasals are syllabic at the end of a word when immediately after an obstruent (leaden, chasm)
The liquids /l,r/ are syllabic at ________ when immediately (before/after) a ______.
The liquids /l,r/ are syllabic at the end of a word when immediately after a consonant.
Alveolar stops become voiced taps when they occur between two _______ the second of which is ________.
Alveolar stops become voiced taps when they occur between two vowels the second of which is unstressed.
Alveolar consonants become dentals (before/after) _____ ______.
Alveolar consonants become dentals before dental consonants (eighth, tenth, wealth)
Alveolar stops are reduced or omitted when between two ______.
Alveolar stops are reduced or omitted when between two consonants.
A homorganic voiceless stop may occur after a ____ before a ____ _____ followed by an ______ vowel in the same word.
A homorganic voiceless stop may occur after a nasal before a voiceless fricative followed by an unstressed vowel in the same word.
A consonant is shortened when it is (before/after) an _____ _______.
A consonant is shortened when it is before an identical consonant.
Velar stops become more front (before/after) ____ _____ _____.
Velar stops become more front before more front vowels.
The lateral /l/ is velarized after a _____ or before a _____ at _______.
The lateral /l/ is velarized after a vowel or before a consonant at the end of a word.
The lateral /l/ is ______ after a vowel or before a consonant at the end of a word.
The lateral /l/ is velarized after a vowel or before a consonant at the end of a word.
Velar stops become ___ ____before more front vowels.
Velar stops become more front before more front vowels.
A consonant is ______ when it is before an identical consonant.
A consonant is _____ when it is before an identical consonant.
A _____ ______ ____ may occur after a nasal before a voiceless fricative followed by an unstressed vowel in the same word.
A homorganic voiceless stop may occur after a nasal before a voiceless fricative followed by an unstressed vowel in the same word.
Alveolar stops are _____ or _______ when between two consonants.
Alveolar stops are reduced or omitted when between two consonants.
Alveolar consonants become _______ before dental consonants
Alveolar consonants become dentals before dental consonants (eighth, tenth, wealth)
Alveolar stops become _____ ____ when they occur between two vowels the second of which is unstressed.
Alveolar stops become voiced taps when they occur between two vowels the second of which is unstressed.
The liquids /l,r/ are ______ at the end of a word when immediately after a consonant.
The liquids /l,r/ are syllabic at the end of a word when immediately after a consonant.
Nasals are ______ at the end of a word when immediately after an obstruent
Nasals are syllabic at the end of a word when immediately after an obstruent (leaden, chasm)
In many accents of English, /t/ is _____ by a ______ ____ when it occurs before an alveolar nasal in the same word
In many accents of English, /t/ is replaced by a glottal stop when it occurs before an alveolar nasal in the same word, (like “beaten”)
In many accents of English, _____-_____ /p,t,k/ are accompanied by an overlapping glottal gesture.
In many accents of English, syllable final /p,t,k/ are accompanied by an overlapping glottal gesture. (rule 9)
The gestures for consecutive stops _____, so that stops are unexploded when they occur before another stop
The gestures for consecutive stops overlap, so that stops are unexploded when they occur before another stop (words such as apt, rubbed)
Approximates are at least partially ______ when they occur after initial /p, t, k/
Approximates are at least partially voiceless when they occur after initial /p, t, k/ (as in play, twin, cue).
Voiceless obstruents are ______ than the corresponding voiced obstruents when at the end of a syllable.
Voiceless obstruents are longer than the corresponding voiced obstruents when at the end of a syllable.
Voiceless stops are ______ after /__/ in words such as spew, stew, skew.
Voiceless stops are unaspirated after /s/ in words such as spew, stew, skew.
So-called voiced stops and affricates are _______ when syllable initial, except when immediately preceded by a voiced sound
So-called voiced stops and affricates are voiceless when syllable initial, except when immediately preceded by a voiced sound (compare “a day” to “this day”)
Obstruents (stops and fricatives) classified as voiced are _____ through ____________ of the articulation when they occur at the end of an utterance or before a voiceless sound.
Obstruents (stops and fricatives) classified as voiced are voiced through only a small part of the articulation when they occur at the end of an utterance or before a voiceless sound.
Voiceless stops are ______ when they are syllable initial
Voiceless stops are aspirated when they are syllable initial (as in words such as pip, test, kick)
Consonants are _____ when at the end of a phrase.
Consonants are longer when at the end of a phrase.
