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Linguistics > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

phone

A

speech sound

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2
Q

articulatory phonetics

A

physiological mechanisms of speech production, i.e. how speech is produced

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3
Q

acoustic phonetics

A

measuring and analyzing the physical properties of the sounds we produce when speaking

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4
Q

larynx

A

the sound source, where vocal fold muscles are

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5
Q

pharynx

A

the tube between the larynx and the oral cavity

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6
Q

voiceless glottal state

A

no vibration in larynx (f, s, h)

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7
Q

voiced glottal state

A

vocal folds together, but not closed, some vibration (v, z)

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8
Q

whisper (glottal state)

A

voiceless, but folds are together

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9
Q

murmur (glottal state)

A

breathy voice, the ‘dh’ in ‘dharma’

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10
Q

consonant

A

either voiced or voiceless, either complete closing of the vocal folds or narrowing of vocal tract, air flow is blocked or restricted so noise is formed as air passes through obstruction

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11
Q

vowel

A

little obstruction of vocal tract, tongue stays down by lower front teeth, voiced, much louder than consonants

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12
Q

glide

A

shows properties of both consonants and vowels, “rapidly articulated vowel”, moves quickly into the next articulation and ends quickly (yet, boy, wet, now)

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13
Q

labials

A

any sound made with full or near closure of the lips

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14
Q

dentals

A

tongue placed against or near the teeth

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15
Q

interdentals

A

tongue is placed between the teeth

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16
Q

alveolar

A

tongue touches or is brought near the alveolar ridge

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17
Q

alveopalatal

A

consonants formed in the roof of the mouth (sh, ch)

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18
Q

palatal

A

sounds formed in the highest part of the roof of the mouth

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19
Q

velar

A

sounds formed in the soft part near the back of the roof of the mouth

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20
Q

uvular

A

sounds formed near/toughing the uvula (french ‘r’)

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21
Q

glottal

A

sounds made at the glottis (between vocal folds)

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22
Q

diphthong

A

vowels that show a change in quality within a single syllable

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23
Q

tone language

A

differences in word matching are signalled by differences in pitch –> english is not one of them but Mandarin is

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24
Q

contour tones

A

moving pitches that signal meaning differences

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25
Q

register tones

A

level tones that signal meaning differences

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26
Q

terminal (intonation) contour

A

falling intonation at the end of a sentence that signals that the utterance is complete

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27
Q

non-terminal (intonation) contour

A

rising or level intonation which signals incompleteness, often heard in non-formal forms found in lists and telephone numbers, also used in questions to indicate that the conversation is not over

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28
Q

IPA indication of a vowel/consonant with a longer articulation

A

[ː]

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29
Q

coarticulation

A

more than one articulator is active;

in [pl] sequence, the tongue will move to the alveolar ridge before the lips separate (before the p is finished lol)

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30
Q

process

A

an articulator adjustment which occurs during the production of connected speech, sometimes it’s more efficient but sometimes the word is harder to understand;
adding a schwa to screaming in “stop sc[ə]reaming”

more efficient articulation vs more distinct output

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31
Q

assimilation

A

number of different processes that result from the influence of one segment on another, a sound becomes more like another nearby sound

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32
Q

regressive assimilation

A

vowel is nasalized because it comes BEFORE a nasalized consonant

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33
Q

progressive assimilation

A

vowel is nasalized because it comes AFTER a nasalized consonant

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34
Q

dissimilation

A

vowels become less alike so that it’s easier to pronounce them: fifths becomes fits, or fiths, or fifs

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35
Q

deletion

A

one segment is removed: Toronto becomes ‘Torono’

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36
Q

epenthesis

A

a syllabic or non-syllabic segment is added to a word

warmth, something –> warm(p)th, some(p)thing

37
Q

metathesis

A

segments are reordered into a way that makes them easier to pronounce: prescription –> perscription

38
Q

vowel reduction

A

articulation of vowels moves to a more central position when the vowels are unstressed (like a schwa sound bc it’s the easiest for english speakers to pronounce)

39
Q

phonology

A

made up of a language’s particular selection from the range of possible speech sounds, organized into a system of contrasts and patterns

40
Q

minimal pair

A

two words with distinct meanings that differ by only one segment in the same position –> win and wing

41
Q

complementary distribution

A

two sounds occur in non-overlapping, mutually exclusive environments

[iː] goes in front of voiced obstruents like (bead), and [i] goes before voiceless obstruents like (beat)

42
Q

phoneme

A

class of phonetically similar sounds that do not contrast with each other

43
Q

allophone

A

sounds that make up a phoneme

44
Q

near-minimal pair

A

contain differences other than the one key difference, like mission vs vision

45
Q

nucleus

A

backbone of every syllable, required in all languages, sometimes sonorant consonants function as the nucleus instead of a vowel

46
Q

onset

A

consists of at least one consonant to the left of the nucleus, some languages require every syllable to have only one, French can have 2 and English can have 3

47
Q

coda

A

consists of one or more consonants to the RIGHT of the nucleus, some languages don’t allow them (Hawaiian)

48
Q

The Sonority Requirement

A

in core syllables, sonority rises before the nucleus and declines after the nucleus (grant vs gratn)

49
Q

The Binary Requirement

A

there can’t be more than 2 consonants in an onset or coda so ‘grant’ is the most complex core syllable permited in English

50
Q

aspiration in English

A

voiceless stops are aspirated syllable initially

pʰan vs span

51
Q

feature

A

building block of speech sound, most basic unit of phonology; each feature encodes one of the independently controllable aspects of speech production

52
Q

natural class

A

group of sounds with similar properties, features give you a way to categorize them

53
Q

contrasts

A

phonemes that are registered in the same part of the brain and sound the same to native speakers (same underlying representation), but are articulated differently based on the environment

54
Q

distinctive

A

if a feature is distinctive, that means it allows phonemes to contrast with each other

55
Q

lexicon

A

mental dictionary

56
Q

word

A

smallest free form in language

57
Q

free morpheme

A

morpheme that can be a word on its own

58
Q

bound morpheme

A

morpheme that must be attached

59
Q

allomorphs

A

variant forms of a morpheme

60
Q

root morpheme

A

core of the word which carries the major component of its meaning; typically belong to a lexical category (noun N, verb V, adj A)

61
Q

base

A

form to which an affix is added, sometimes the base is also the root

62
Q

prefix

A

an affix added to the beginning of the word

63
Q

suffix

A

an affix added to the end of the word

64
Q

infix

A

an affix added in the middle of the word

65
Q

word-based morphology

A

not all roots can be words on their own but some can

66
Q

derivation

A

an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that f it’s base

suffix -er is attached to a verb to make it a noun, indicating “one who V’s”

67
Q

class 1 affixes

A

trigger changes in the consonant or vowel segments of the base and may affect stress placement

68
Q

class 2 affixes

A

phonologically neutral, have no effect on the segmental make up of the base or the stress placement

69
Q

compounding

A

combining two words that already exist, the rightmost morpheme determines the category

70
Q

head morpheme

A

the morpheme that determines the category is the head

71
Q

backformation

A

a word appears in the language, and the rules of the language allow “de-affixation” to occur to create a new word

“donation” came into the language first, and “donate” was derived from it

72
Q

conversion (zero derivation)

A

a new word is created by assigning an existing (usually monomorphemic) word to a new category

the butter (noun) --> to butter (verb)
to run (verb) --> a run (noun)
73
Q

clipping

A

a new word is formed by shortening an existing multisyllabic word

74
Q

acronyms

A

a new word is formed from the initial sounds or letters in a string of words

NATO, scuba, radar

75
Q

blending

A

a new word is formed from the parts of existing words

ginormous <– giggantic + enormous

76
Q

endocentric

A

a compound which denotes a sub-type of the concept denoted by its head

i.e. dog food is a type of food, sky blue is a type of blue

77
Q

exocentric

A

compounds whose meaning cannot be derived by the head

redneck is not a type of neck

78
Q

inflection

A

the modification of a word’s form to indicate grammatical information

-s plural marker, possessive ‘s, progressive -ing, past tense -ed, etc

79
Q

four criteria used to distinguish between inflectional and derivational affixes

A
  1. category: inflection does not change the grammatical category or the type of meaning found in the word it is applied to
  2. order: a derivational affix must combine with the base before the inflectional affix does
  3. productivity: the relative freedom with which they can combine with bases of the appropriate category
  4. semantic transparency: contribution of an inflectional affix to the word’s meaning is usually transparent and consistent, but with derivation it is not always possible to to predict the meaning based on the parts
80
Q

case inflection

A

indicates a word’s grammatical role (subject, direct object) I vs me, she vs her, we vs us

81
Q

agreement (inflectional phenomena)

A

takes place when one word’s grammatical structure is inflected to match certain properties of another word

That WOMAN speakS French vs YOU speaK French

82
Q

root internal changes

A

change inside the root makes grammatical change, substituting one segment for another in the root yields a change in meaning

83
Q

ablaut

A

change in quality of vowel makrs grammatical change, most common form of root internal change

tooth–> teeth, sing –> sang, goose –> geese

84
Q

suppletion

A

entire morpheme (or msot of it) is replaced to signal a change in meaning

is –> was, go –> went
French: je suis, tu es, nous sommes

85
Q

stress shift

A

root has a different meaning depending on the location of stress

permít vs pérmit, protést vs prótest, convíct vs cónvict

86
Q

reduplication

A

copy some part of the root and attach the copy to the root, signals a change in meaning

87
Q

productive processes

A

reduplication, affixation, compounding

88
Q

non-productive processes

A

root internal changes, suppletion, stress shift

new words that enter the language will not have these properties

Linguistics (6 decks)

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