Ruff- Sleep/ARAS

Question 1

Beta waves on an EEG: describe and give example

Answer 1

Highest Frequency
Lowest amplitude

Ex. eyes open, active thinking

Question 2

Alpha Waves on an EEG: describe and give example

Answer 2

Highish Frequency
Lowish amplitude

Ex. eyes closed, relaxed

Question 3

Theta waves on an EEG: describe and give example

Answer 3

Low frequency
High amplitude

Ex. Drowsiness, meditation

Question 4

Delta waves on an EEG: describe and give example

Answer 4

Lowest Frequency
Highest Amplitude

Ex. Slow Wave Sleep

Question 5

What does a seizure look like on an EEG?

Answer 5

Super Frequent and high amplitude waves

A Generalized seizure is when all the electrodes register crazy waves movements

A Complex Partial Seizure is when a particular region (many times one side of the brain) registers crazy wave movements

Question 6

Describe the relationship between the EEG readings and the stages of sleep

Answer 6

As you move from stage 1 to stage 4 sleep the waves get progressively higher amplitudes, but get less frequency.

After you reach stage 4 you go to REM sleep where you go back to the amplitude and frequency of stage 1 and almost the awake stage (slightly higher amplitude)

Question 7

After first reaching REM, you continue to sleep. Describe the stages after this.

Answer 7

Get to REM then you bounce around between sleep stages and go back to REM. It has no pattern.

BUT you usually don’t go back to stage 4 again.

Question 8

Describe what happens when you sleep according to an EMG

Answer 8

• When awake you have strong tonic muscle tone.
• When you enter non REM sleep you lose a little muscle tone.
• When you enter REM Sleep you lose a little more muscle tone.
• -BUT YOU ALWAYS HAVE MUSCLE TONE–

Question 9

Describe what happens when you sleep according to an Electrooculography EOG

Answer 9

Non-Rem sleep you get frequent low amplitude stimuli.

In Rem sleep you high amplitude stimuli similar to if you were awake (REM= Random Eye Movement)

Question 10

Sleep Apnea: What is it, what does it do to sleep stages

Answer 10

• When you fall asleep your palate muscles don’t keep tone and your airway collapses
• You can get to stage 1 and rarely stage 2, but you will wake up due to lack of oxygen
• treat with CPAP

Question 11

The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS): what is it, what does it do, where does it act

Answer 11

• promotes wakefullness
• Group of nuclei in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain
• Use monoamines and acetylcholine
• project to cortex and thalamus

Question 12

ARAS’s monamenergic division: what neurotransmitters it uses, what are its nuclei

Answer 12

• uses histamine (HA), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE)
• Nuclei include: Tuberomammilary (HA), Substantia Nigra/ventral tegmental (DA), locus ceruleus (NE), Raphe Nuclei (5-HT)

Question 13

ARAS’s Cholinergic Division: what neurotransmitter it uses, what are its nuclei

Answer 13

• Uses acetylcholine

- Nuclei include: Basal Forebrain, Laterodorsal tegmental, pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (all ACh)

Question 14

Orexin: what is its role in sleep/wake stuff, what happens if you lose it

Answer 14

• Sustains wakefulness, promotes arousal
• complete loss: Narcolepsy (can’t stay awake)
• partial loss in parkinson’s and traumatic brain injury (explains why you get tired)
• Orexin antagonists are used as sleep aids

Question 15

Orexin: where is it in the brain,

Answer 15

-found in lateral hypothalamus for wake/sleep cycle effects

Question 16

Melanin-Concentrating Hormone: where is it, what does it do

Answer 16

• found in lateral hypothalamus

- Promotes REM Sleep

Question 17

Preoptic Area: function, nuclei here, neurochemicals

Answer 17

• Promotes sleep (switch between sleep and awake)
• Ventrolateral pre-optic (VLPO) nucleus is here
• Median pre-optic nucleus is here
• Neurochemicals: GABA primarily, Galanin secondary

Question 18

Thalamic Reticular Nucleus

Answer 18

-it is inhibitory to the entire thalamus

Question 19

Non-Rem Sleep characteristics and pathways

Answer 19

• decreases in HR, BP, metabolic rate, temp
• Thalamus goes into bursting mode
• Reticular nucleus inhibits thalamus
• Reticular nucleus is excited by the cortex and thalamus

Question 20

What is meant by bursting mode

Answer 20

• The way the thalamus fires in non-REM sleep
• The reticular cell fires in bursts
• best if you look at the diagram in the lecture notes

Question 21

Rem Sleep pathways and characteristics

Answer 21

• LDT and PPT inhibit reticular nucleus and excites the thalamus
• Reticular nucleus can no longer inhibit the thalamus
• get rapid eye movements
• similar to being awake

Question 22

Why do you get weird dreams (uninhibited dreams)

Answer 22

• dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is the inhibitory part of the brain that stops you from doing socially weird stuff
• gets shut off when you sleep

Question 23

look at diagram for motor suppression in REM sleep

Answer 23

DO IT YOU LAZY NINJA!

Question 24

REM Behavior Disorder

Answer 24

• Loss of REM atonia (get muscle tone)
• more common in the old folks
• can have small or large movements (might act out dreams)
• 80% of these people get other diseases (parkinson’s, lewy bodies)

Question 25

Is REM sleep absolutely necessary to prevent death

Answer 25

No. Stage 3 and 4 is good enough to survive

Question 26

Function of sleep

Answer 26

• replenish energy expenditure
• consolidation of memories
• clearance of metabolites

Question 27

Adenosine sleep theory

Answer 27

• Adenosine is possible somnogen
• byproduct of atp
• binds adenosine receptors
• inhibits ARAP, disinhibits VLPO