rreviewer Flashcards
understood to be ‘the transformation of raw materials into products by a series of energy applications, each of which affects well
defined changes in the physical or chemical characteristics of the materials’
production
‘the conversion of a design into a finished product
manudfacturing
has a narrower sense, namely the physical act of making the product
production
a series of
interrelated activities and operations involving the
design, materials selection, planning, manufacturing
production, quality assurance, management and
marketing of the products of the manufacturing
industries’.
manufacturing
should be recognized as a series of
productive activities: planning, design, procurement,
production, inventory, marketing, distribution, sales,
management.
manufacturing
defined by the American Marketing Association as ‘a process to plan and implement concept building of ideas, commodities and services, pricing, sales promotion and distribution so as to create the “exchange value” of an individual/ organization.
marketing
A measure of the effectiveness of this transformation process is normally termed productivity, which is abstractly defined as the ratio between input and output
productivity
productivity, where the outputs are
measured in units;
physical productivity
productivity, where the outputs are
measured in monetary values;
value productivity
productivity, such as labor productivity,
capital productivity, land productivity, raw
material productivity, etc., which are related to
each of the resources of production;
factor productivity
concerned with the total of
the resources of production— an overall
measure expressing the contribution of the
resources of production to the efficiency
attained by a firm.
total productivity
is the process of selecting one best plan from among several possible alternatives.
decision making
typically outlines the objectives, performance criteria, and design elements that must be met in order to reach the desired result.
DESIGN SPECIFICATION
It provides clear direction while minimizing ambiguity. This paper contains technical details, design diagrams, performance objectives, and limitations. It describes how the system will be created.
DESIGN SPECIFICATION
outline essential requirements,
constraints and specifications for products to adhere to.
Detailed documents
from the conception of a product idea through
to the finished product’s final design
A guide
- Creates precise parameters within
which the designer must work.
clear boundary
WHAT INFLUENCES THE DEVELOPMENT OF
SPECIFICATION?
Company
Product
Project
Conceptualizing, designing, and providing the process steps and specifications to produce a useful product or material that is used domestically and/or industrially in variety of applications.
process engineering
Active studying of business/ industry processes and creating an improved or completely new process
process engineering
Designs, optimizes, and oversee production processes in manufacturing or chemical plants. They ensure that equipment and workflows maximize efficiency, minimize waste, and meet safety and quality standards.
process engineers
This is a decision-making process, which involves
researching and developing new products that meet the markets need.
product planning
- It is a continuous function in the dynamic environment of a competitive situation, since any single product generally possesses a finite life cycle.
product planning
-Helps in staying competitive by adapting to changing market conditions and managing the finite life cycles of products
product planning
-is the function of creating drawings or other graphical representations of products/parts which performs necessary functions based on the ‘technical specification’, which has been established in the product planning stage.
product design
-Quality to perform the functions and have those
features which the customer requires and for which the product is designed.
product quality
is the decision-making activity that determines the sequence of operations needed to convert raw materials into finished products, following aggregate production planning and product design completion.
process planning
is macroscopic decision-making of an
overall process route for converting the raw material
into a product.
process design
is microscopic decision-making of
individual operations contained in the process route.
operation design
The method of operation can be analyzed from the viewpoints of a combination of machine elements and human elements (man—machine system), operative workers (who may have large differences in skill), and work simplification.
operation analysis
(1) to analyze the work flow for converting raw material into a finished product—flow f-line) analysis.
(2) to select the workstation for each operation included in the work flow.
function of process design
this involves detailed planning of each production step. This includes deciding the specific types of operations, their content, and the methods to perform them.
function of operation design
also known as hard automation, is
designed for production systems that require high efficiency in high-volume production. It involves equipment dedicated to performing a specific set of operations on a single part, making it ideal for repetitive tasks.
fixed automation
refers to machinery which is used in particular tasks, such as repetitive actions on a production line. The machines are pre-programmed to perform the tasks with precision and consistency.
fixed automation
The process of conversion of resources of production, in particular that of raw materials into tangible goods or products,
production process
is generally made up of successive multiple production stages, on which a series of operations— the work of producing the output— are performed successively on workstations (centers) or production facilities.
production process
an essential part of any business. It is a process of turning raw materials and ideas into products and services.
production porcess
In this type of production process, operations run continuously, 24 hours a day, seven days a week, throughout the entire year. A continuous flow of identical products moves through
a linear process.
Process / Continuous-Flow Production
is an ongoing process where all team members work together to produce identical items simultaneously. The shapes and sizes of the products stay consistent, and all resources are focused on manufacturing the same variety.
Mass/Flow Production
focuses on creating items continuously, batch
production operates by producing goods in specific batches.
batch production
is one done in limited quantities. It can also be done in accordance with a customer’s
specific preference.
job shop production
Team of people working over a period of time and then once the project is complete these people leave the project. This method of production involves rendering services
via an automated process, such as technical support for customers.
Project Production
refer to a wide array of state of-the-art technologies capable of converting unrecyclable solid waste into useful products, such as green fuels and renewable energy in an environmentally beneficial way.
conversion technologies
are modern methods that take waste that can’t be recycled and turn it into useful things like clean fuels or energy.
conversion technologies
are an integral process in achieving a zero-waste goal. These technologies not only create a beneficial product but also potentially reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants.
conversion technologies
the bacteria and microorganisms are used to transform raw biomass into useful energy like methane and ethane gas.
biochemical conversion
a series of biological processes in which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen.
anaeribic digestion
a metabolic process done by bacteria and eukaryotes in the absence of air to convert carbohydrates into the products like gases, alcohols, and acids.
anaerobic fermentation
Use heat as the dominant mechanism to convert
biomass into another chemical form.
THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION
Conversion under high temperature and pressure in a low-oxygen environment to produce fuel gasses.
gasification
Similar conversion to gasification but in the absence of oxygen.
pyrolysis
Similar to pyrolysis, in the absence of oxygen, but in the presence of water.
Thermal depolymerization
transform fresh or used vegetable oils, animal fats, and other feedstocks into liquid fuels or biodiesel through physical and chemical methods.
Physiochemical conversion
This is a chemical process that converts vegetable oils or animal fats into biodiesel by reacting them with an alcohol (usually methanol) and a catalyst (usually sodium hydroxide).
transesterification
Refers to the use of automated systems and
equipment to transport, sort, organize, and store materials within manufacturing facilities, warehouses, and distribution centers. is done mostly for mass production; it requires flexibility for varied
production.
automated materials handling
are designed to perform tasks with high accuracy and consistency, minimizing errors in order fulfillment and inventory management.
Automated material handling systems
here workers physically move materials
manual handling
which combines human labor with some level of
mechanization
semi automated handling
relies entirely on automated machinery and systems without direct human intervention
fully automated handling
It is a technique to control and monitor processes. It involves monitoring and adjusting the process variables to maintain desired output. It ensures that the tasks maintain quality and performance for mission- critical applications.
process control
is a type of manufacturing process
where materials or products are processed in small, discrete quantities, or batches, rather than being continuously processed.
batch process
process in which the materials or work flows more or less continuously through a plant apparatus while being manufactured or treated. moves raw materials from the start of the process through each production step to a
final product.
Rather than waiting until the unit of product is
complete, raw material is fed and processed
continuously to produce additional units of product.
continuous process
The theory and development of computer systems capable of performing tasks that historically required human intelligence, such as recognizing speech, making decisions, and identifying patterns.
AI in manufacturing
An umbrella term that encompasses a wide variety of technologies, including machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing.
AI in manufacturing
The ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual process’s characteristic of humans.
AI in manufacturing
These are the simplest type of AI, which only react to specific inputs and situations.
reactive machine
This type of AI can learn from historical data and make better decisions based on past experiences.
limited memory
This is a more advanced type of AI that is still under development. It refers to AI that can understand emotions, thoughts, and intentions, allowing it to interact more naturally with humans.
theory of mind
This type of AI is purely theoretical at the moment and does not exist, but it’s often the focus of science fiction and future predictions of AI evolution.
self aware ai
any abnormal condition of the system that involves the electrical failure of the equipment, such as , transformers, generators, busbars, etc. in a electric power system
fault
(also called as Series Faults) - These faults occur due to the failure of one or more
conductors.
open circuit fault
(also called as Shunt Faults) - It can be defined as an abnormal connection of very
low of impedance between two points of differential
potential, whether made intentionally or accidentally.
short circuit faults
is also called a balanced fault.
This fault occurs when all three phases are
simultaneously short-circuited.
symmetrical fault
The most common faults that occur in the power
system network, These faults are also called unbalanced faults, as they cause unbalanced currents in the system. include both open circuit faults (single and two phase open conditions) and short circuit faults (excluding L-L-L-G and LL-L).
unsymmetrical fault
is one of the most common
faults, and experience shows that 70-80 percent
of the faults that occur in power systems are of
this type. This forms a short circuit path
between the line and ground.
signle line to ground fault
occurs when a live conductor gets into contact with another live conductor. Heavy winds are the major cause of this fault, during which overhead conductors may swing together. These are less severe faults, and their occurrence range may be between 15-20%
line to line fault
two lines come into contact with
each other as well as with the ground. These are
severe faults, and the occurrence of these faults
is about 10% when compared with total system
faults
double line to ground fault
is the systematic
determination of the specific techniques for
manufacturing parts from raw material to
completed product.
process planning
is a technology that uses computer systems to plan and optimize the manufacturing process.
Computer-Aided Process Planning (CAPP
automates the conversion of design data into
detailed instructions for production machinery,
increasing efficiency and saving production time.
CAPP
A process planning system that creates new plans by retrieving and modifying a standard process plan for a given part family.
VARIANT (RETRIEVAL) CAPP SYSTEM
A process planning system, including a database and decision logic, that will automatically generate a process plan from graphical and textual information on the part.
GENERATIVE CAPP SYSTEM
The establishment of the hybrid intelligent inference model will enable the CAPP system to adapt automatically to the dynamic manufacturing environment, with a view to the ultimate realization of full implementation of intelligent manufacturing systems in enterprises.
hybrid CAPP system
is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a
residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building.
local area network (LAN)
This is a networked system in which one device, or server, receives and responds to queries from one or more devices, or clients.
client server LAN
every device can both share and
request information.
peer to peer lan
were popular in the 1980s but have
since been superseded by superior Ethernet
technologies.
Token ring LANs and token bus LANs
use technology in the network switch to control traffic between devices so they appear to be grouped into separate networks, even though they are physically part of the same LAN.
virtual LANs
A major drawback of a LAN is the need for manual configuration of each network device, which may all have different software. Adding more devices adds more complexity, and commercial-grade switches often come coupled with proprietary software.
SD LAN
is a telecommunications network that extends over a large geographical area for the primary purpose of computer networking. It is a computer network spanning region, countries, or even the world.
wide area network WAN
A dedicated connection between two points (e.g., offices in different locations). Ideal for businesses that need a reliable, high-speed, and secure connection
Leased Line
A network that establishes a dedicated circuit or path for the duration of a communication session (e.g., traditional telephone networks). Commonly used for phone calls or older WAN setups.
circuit switched WAN
Data is broken into packets and sent over a shared network. The most common type of WAN used today.
Packet Switched WAN
A technique for routing data using labels instead of long network addresses. Used by businesses to improve the speed and efficiency of WAN traffic.
MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching)
A modern approach to managing WAN using software to control connectivity, management, and services. Used by businesses for flexible and efficient WAN management, optimizing performance over multiple types of connections (like broadband and 4G).
Software-Defined WAN (SD-WAN)
uses computer systems to control the entire manufacturing process, from design to production.
Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)
It combines technologies like CAD/CAM and robotics to automate tasks, improving efficiency and reducing errors. - it allows for real-time adjustments, helping manufacturers streamline operations and increase productivity.
CIM
It incorporates computer-aided design (CAD) to make the design process faster and more efficient. Engineers can create detailed and accurate models with ease.
Design and engineering
CIM automates the production process using robotics and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). This reduces the need for manual labor and speeds up manufacturing. By doing so, it helps increase productivity and improve overall efficiency.
Production and Manufacturing
CIM continuously monitors the production process in real-time. This helps catch any issues early and ensures products meet quality standards. As a result, errors are minimized, and the overall quality is improved.
Quality Control
Uses software to optimize and streamline
manufacturing processes, improving efficiency and precision. These systems assist in planning, controlling, and
monitoring production activities to reduce errors.
Computer aid to the production function
Involves the use of software to create, modify, and optimize designs, improving precision and efficiency in engineering, architecture, and product development. It allows designers to visualize, simulate, and test their creations before manufacturing or construction begins.
Computer aid to the design function
Helps managers use software to organize tasks, track progress, and make better decisions. It makes work more efficient by giving real-time
insights and simplifying day-today operations
Computer aid to the management function
is both a method of manufacturing and the name of a computer-automated system in which individual engineering, production, marketing, and support functions of a manufacturing enterprise are organized.
computer-integrated manufacturing
Designers create digital blueprints for products.
CAD
Blueprints guide automated machinery for precise
production.
CAM
Manages resources, scheduling, and supply chains
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Real-time data integration ensured optimal performance
and quality control.
REal time
integration of the total manufacturing
enterprise through the use of integrated systems and data communications coupled with new managerial philosophies that improve organizational and personnel efficiency.
CIM
Goal: create a cohesive and automated environment
with minimal human intervention.
CIM
refers to using software to design certain objects and items in a virtual environment before manufacturing them. We can use the software to either draw 2D images or create 3D models.
CAD
the term used to describe the use of computerized systems to control the operations at a manufacturing plant.
CAM
refers to the process where the software converts a CAD model into a language that a manufacturing machine can understand.
CAM
