Rotter and Mischel Flashcards
According to R&M, what are the three things that shape personality?
- learning via operant conditioning and observational learning
- Interpersonal relationships
- cognitive factors (mainly anticipation of future events)
According to Rotter
- We anticipate __________
- We ______ & ______ some more than others depending on the _______
- We ________ valued & expected ones…
- Then we emit __________
- reinforcers
- value
-respect - situation
- choose
- behaviors
a person’s preference for any particular reinforcement over other reinforcements if all are equally likely to occur is called _______
value
When it comes to value, preference is mainly determined by our ____ & _____
needs and goals
those that get us closer to goals is called ______ _________
valued reinforcers
any action, condition, or event which brings us closer
to goal is rewarding is called ________ _______ __ ________
empirical law of effect
According to Rotter, what are the six primary needs?
- Dominance: control others, to be in charge, to gain power over others.
- Recognition status: to excel, achieve, to have others recognize one’s worth.
- Independence: to be free from domination of others.
- Protection-dependency: to have others take care of us & to protect us from harm.
- Physical comfort: securing food, good health, & physical security
- Love & affection: to be warmly accepted by others, to be loved, to be held in friendly regard.
people’s confidence in any given situation that particular
reinforcement will follow specific behavior is called _________
expectancy
degree to which people perceive causal relationship
between own efforts & environmental consequences is called _______ ___ ________
locus of control
generalized belief that reinforcement is contingent on our
own actions – feeling of being in control of our life is called _______ _____ ___ _________
Internal locus of control
Extreme internal locus of control is:
feeling responsible for everything
generalized belief that that luck + outside forces control
what happens to us is called _____ _____ ____ _______
External locus of control
Extreme External locus of control is:
apathy + despair
LofC creates _____ personality traits, but specific life experiences can _______ it.
- stable
- modify
In comparison to individuals with external locus of control, individuals with internal locus of control:
(1) Seek more information to get better control on events.
(2) Are more motivated to succeed – & do succeed better.
(3) Are independent & yet cooperative; conform less; are not aggressive; efficiently resolve relational difficulties.
(4) Are in better physical condition; actively work to be in good shape; have positive attitude toward physical exercises; drink & smoke less.
(5) Are also in better mental condition; are less anxious; have high self-esteem; are more satisfied at work; react positively to treatment when necessary
what are the 8 Psychotherapy techniques for this theory? (ACEEBBD)
Avoid conflictual goals
Changing goals
Eliminate LOW expectancy
Eliminate destructive goals
Eliminate unrealistic goals
Better generalization
Better evaluation of situation
Develop skills
What are the three additional cognitive factors that Mischel added onto Rotter’s theory?
- competencies
- self encoding strategies
- self regulating system
information about task + real ability to perform task is called ___________
competencies
people’s individualized way of categorizing information
received from external stimuli»_space;> “personal constructs” is called _______ _________
encoding strategies
self-imposed goals & self-produced consequences is called _____________ ________
self-regulating system
any persistent behavior that fails to move person closer to
desired goals is called ______ _______
maladaptive behaviour
Maladaptive behaviour occurs when:
- Perceived HIGH expectancy based on:
Unrealistic goals
Poor skills
Faulty evaluation of situation
Poor generalization - Perceived LOW expectancy
Some traits are consistent over time, but there is little evidence to suggest that they are consistent from one situation to another. This is called the _______ _________
consistency paradox
