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Theories of Personality > Personality within Psychology > Flashcards

Personality within Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Define psychology

A

The scientific study of mind and behaviour

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2
Q

What is the goal of psychology?

A

To understand, predict, and control human behaviour

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3
Q

Personality traits are needed to predict ________, thus the study of personality is essential to a ___________

A
  • Behaviour
  • Scientific psychology
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4
Q

Personality is essentially interested in ________ between people, while other domains in psychology are more interested in _______ between people

A
  • differences
  • similarities
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5
Q

What are the three levels of personality traits?

A
  1. Cardinal traits
  2. Central traits
  3. Secondary traits
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6
Q

Define cardinal traits

A

A trait that is a eminent characteristic or ruling passion so outstanding that it dominates one’s life

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6
Q

Define central traits

A

the 5-10 most outstanding characteristics around which a person’s life focuses

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7
Q

Define secondary traits

A

traits that are not central to personality yet these characteristics are stable and define that person

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8
Q

Define determinism

A

where humans do not control their destiny; development of personality is a mechanical process

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9
Q

Define freewill

A

where humans can become whatever they want, and it is responsible for their destiny and development; humans make conscious choices

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10
Q

Define pessimism

A

the mindset that people are doomed to live miserable, conflicted, troubled lives

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11
Q

Define optimism

A

the mindset that human beings can change and grow into psychologically healthy, happy, functional creatures.

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12
Q

What is causality?

A

behaviour function of past experiences

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13
Q

What is teleology

A

Behaviour function of future goals and aspirations

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14
Q

What are the five things a good theory requires in order to be viable?

A
  1. generated research
  2. organizing data
  3. guided action
  4. internal consistency
  5. parcimony
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15
Q

Generate Research

A

A good theory has a roadmap that guides research. Without this roadmap, much less discoveries would be made and much less would be known

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16
Q

Research in a good theory must:

A
  • be verifiable (can approve/disprove it via things like observation)
  • generate descriptive research (labeling, measurement, categorization) and hypothesis-driven research
  • use reliable measures that produce the same results repeatedly
  • use valid measures, which measures what it’s SUPPOSED to measure
17
Q

Organizing Data

A

Good theory (puzzle) should organize what is known about personality (pieces)into an intelligible framework and integrate new information (also pieces) into its structure

18
Q

Guide Action

A

A good theory has practical tools that provide practitioners with a roadmap that will help them with making day to day decisions; a good theory needs to do something practical

19
Q

Internal consistency

A
  • components of a good theory must be compatible ` same terms = same meaning
  • logical taxonomy (classification system)
  • must include operational definitions (definition of concepts in terms of specific operations to be carried out by an observer
  • Theory should not offer opposite answers to the same question
20
Q

Which part of the ROGIP acronym is arguable the most important and why?

A

Internal consistency because it impacts guided action and research generating

21
Q

Parcimony

A

A good theory must should be simple - it should avoid complicated concepts and esoteric language

22
Q

When it comes to the concept of humanity, six dimensions that cover individual differences are:

A

F - Freewill vs Determinism
O - Optimism vs Pessimism
C - Causality vs Teleology
U - Unconsc. vs Consc.
S - Social vs Biological
U - Uniqueness vs Similarity

23
Q

When it comes to ratings in the Concept of Humanity, do you want a rating that is higher, lower, or in the middle?

A

In the middle (ie. want a bit of optimism and pessimism)

24
Q

Determinism

A

Humans do not control their destiny; development of personality = a mechanical process

25
Q

Freewill

A

Humans can become whatever they want &raquo_space;> responsible for their destiny and development; humans make conscious choices

26
Q

Pessimism

A

people are doomed to live miserable, conflicted, troubled lives

27
Q

Optimism

A

humans can change and grow into psychologically healthy, happy, functional creatures

28
Q

Causality

A

Behaviour function of past experiences

29
Q

Teleology

A

behaviour function of future goals and aspirations (teleo means future)

30
Q

Similarities vs uniqueness

A

people share many common characteristics vs each person is really unique

31
Q

What are the four types of theories that impact personality theory?

A
  • Psychological Dynamic
  • Learning theories
  • Humanistic Theories
  • Dispositional theories
32
Q

Psychological Dynamic theories

A

Dynamics forces (forces clashing, incompatibilities) -> conflicts from past experiences/unconscious -> anxiety -> How to deal with it -> Strategy 1 = personality A…Strategy 2 = personality B… etc.

33
Q

Who are the 8 contributors to psychological dynamic theory?

A
  1. Freud’s psychological analytic theory
  2. Erikson’s post-Freudian Theory
  3. Adler’s individual psychology
  4. Jung’s Analytical psychology
  5. Sullivan’s interpersonal psychology
  6. Honey’s psychological analytic social theory
  7. Fromm’s humanistic theory
  8. Klein, Dollard & Millard’s extensions
34
Q

Learning Theories

A

People are different because they;ve been exposed to different environments + conditioning; individual differences stem from each person’s unique history of reinforcement and punishment

personality is learned, is more flexible and changing

cognitive factors affect the way one interprets reality&raquo_space;> this affects learning and behaviour and shapes personality

35
Q

Who are the 3 contibutors to learning theory?

A
  1. Skinner’s behavioural analysis
  2. Bandura’s social-cognitive theory
  3. Rotter & Mischel’s Cognitive-social learning theories
36
Q

Humanistic Theories

A

-overall focus on health personality/positive view of people
- self-actualization (Maslow…natural tendency to become better persons; specific personality traits associated with different levels of self-actualization)
- self-concept (Rogers…being consistent or not with oneself leads to individual differences; the more consistent means the more they’re able to be themself)

37
Q

List 4 contributors to humanistic theories

A
  1. Kelley’s psychology of personal constructs
  2. Maslow’s holistic dynamic theory
  3. Roger’s person-centered theory
  4. May’s Existential psychology
38
Q

Dispositional (Trait) Theories

A
  • Use of statistical methods (induce data from what their personality is) as opposed to large and vague theories (hypothetico-deductive, scientifically poorer as it is less objective)
  • much more limited in scope/concentrate on specific personality traits
  • Are interested in social measures of traits and focus on genetic basis of personality
39
Q

The 3 contributors to Dispositional theories are:

A
  1. Allport
  2. Cattell & Eysenck
  3. Big 5
40
Q

When it comes to personality theory, ___________ theories is the strongest in scientific quality

A

dispositional

Theories of Personality (10 decks)

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