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Botany > Roots > Flashcards

Roots Flashcards

1
Q

main function of roots

A
  1. anchorage: stability, proper orientation
  2. absorption: w/ cylindrical shape that has an ideal surface-volume ratio
  3. hormone production: produce cytokinin & gibberellin imported to
    the shoot system
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2
Q

two classifications of root system based on origin

A
  1. taproot system
  2. fibrous root system
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3
Q

taproot system is derived from an embryonic root called ____. example: radish, carrots, etc.

A

radicle

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4
Q

the emerging branching of a taproot system is ___ while its primary root grows ____.

A

lateral; downward

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5
Q

taproot system is common to ____.

A

eudicots

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6
Q

dense, fine network of roots that arises when radicle dies during or immediately after germination

A

fibrous root system

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7
Q

fibrous root system grows ____ and is common to ____.

A

horizontally; monocots

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8
Q

fibrous root system forms roots that develop outside the root system. what is this called?

A

adventitious roots

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9
Q

external structures of individual roots

A
  1. root tip
  2. root cap
  3. root hairs
  4. rhizodermis/epiblem
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10
Q

a root’s external structure that refers to the extreme tip pushing thru the soil

A

root tip

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11
Q

a root’s external structure that protects the root apical meristem and is formed by terminal _____ cells. this structure constantly worn away and must be renewed.

A

root cap; parenchyma

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12
Q

the root cap provides lubrication to the root tip as they grow downwards (glycoprotein + pectin)

A

true

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13
Q

dictyosomes of root cap cells secrete this polysaccharide for lubrication

A

mucigel

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14
Q

a root’s external structure that provides increased surface area for absorption

A

root hairs

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15
Q

root epidermis with root hairs that also produces mucigel and never develops cuticle

A

rhizodermis/epiblem

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16
Q

the rhizodermis/epiblem has stomata. true or false?

A

false

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17
Q

rhizodermis is different from root pericycle. true or false?

A

true

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18
Q

rhizodermal cells that give rise to root hairs

A

trichoblasts

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19
Q

cells that do not produce root hairs

A

atrichoblasts

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20
Q

internal structures of roots: longitudinal section

A
  1. root cap
  2. zone of division
    1. root apical meristem
    2. quiescent zone
  3. zone of elongation
  4. zone of maturation
    • root hair zone
    • zone of primary permanent tissues
    • zone of secondary permanent tissues
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21
Q

cells in the central portion divide, and the root cap grows forward. on the edges, cells divide and expand in such a way that the cells flow radially outward. true or false?

A

true

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22
Q

site of gravisensing found at the center of the root cap containing ____.

A

columella; amyloplasts

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23
Q

amyloplasts of columella cells

A

statoliths

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24
Q

statolith-containing cells of columella cells

A

statocysts

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25
Q

located at the apex of the root proper but is buried under the root cap

A

root apical meristem

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26
Q

cells produced in the RAM id more orderly than those produced in SAM. true or false?

A

true

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27
Q

do all cells undergo cell division?

A

no, some are in quiescent stage

28
Q

mitotically inactive central region where cells are resistant to various types of harmful agents and act primarily as a reserve of healthy cells

A

quiescent center

29
Q

are nuclei in the quiescent center radioactive?

A

no

30
Q

where most cells continue to enlarge; cells begin to differentiate into a visible
pattern

A

zone of elongation

31
Q

zone of elongation differentiation:
protoderm: ___
procambium: ___
ground meristem: ___

A

rhizodermis
vascular cylinder
root cortex

32
Q

tissues in the zone of elongation are all ___.

A

permeable

33
Q

where several processes occur more or less simultaneously:
* root hairs grow outward
* thin cuticle appears to be present in some micrograph
* cortex continues to enlarge; able to
transfer minerals from epidermis to the
vascular tissues

A

zone of maturation

34
Q

internal structure of roots: cross section

A
  1. rhizodermis
  2. cortex
  3. endodermis
  4. pericycle
  5. stele (vascular cylinder)
35
Q

the outermost region of a root’s cross section

A

rhizodermis

36
Q

ground tissues between rhizodermis and vascular tissues derived from ____.

A

root cortex; ground meristem

37
Q

innermost cortical layer with casparian strip

A

endodermis

38
Q

in the zone of maturation, minerals
do not have a free access to the
vascular tissues due to endodermis. true or false?

A

true

39
Q

fuunction of casparian strip

A

controls the types of minerals that enter the vascular tissues

40
Q

casparian strip is made up of what components?

A

lignin
suberin

41
Q

four routes in transporting materials from root hairs to vascular tissues

A
  1. apoplastic route
  2. symplastic route
  3. transmembrane route
  4. endodermal route
42
Q

describe apoplastic route

A

thru cell wall

43
Q

describe symplastic route

A

thru plasmodesmata

44
Q

describe transmembrane route

A

from the apoplastic route to the protoplasm via symplast

45
Q

describe endodermal route

A

casparian strip blocks passage of water and minerals; mineral in symplast/entering the pathway by crossing the plasma membrane of an endodermal cell can pass

46
Q

parenchyma cells between endodermis and vascular tissues; gives rise to lateral roots

A

pericyclela

47
Q

lateral roots (pericycle) are derived endogenously which means what?

A

they are derived from the root interiors/deep within the roots

48
Q

the central vascular cylinder of the root

A

stele

49
Q

stele is bound by the ___ to the exterior.

A

endodermis

50
Q

stele contains what components?

A

xylem
phloem
some parenchyma
pericycle

51
Q

describe a eudicot stele

A

xylem form a solid mass at the center surrounded by phloem

52
Q

eudicot stele has a pith. true or false?

A

false. it has no pith

53
Q

inner wide cells in eudicot stele

A

metaxylem

54
Q

outer narrow cells in eudicot stele

A

protoxylem

55
Q

phloem occurring outside the eudicot stele

A

protophloem

56
Q

phloem occurring inside the eudicot stele

A

metaphloem

57
Q

describe monocot stele

A

strand of xylem and phloem are scattered in the ground tissues = atactostele

58
Q

type of roots based on support

A
  1. buttress: plate-like and brace the trunk against being blown over by wind; rubber trees
  2. brace: thrives in intertidal marshes and strong currents; provides stability; mangrove; ex: rhizophoraceae
  3. prop roots: provide support and help aerate those in low o2 substrate; observed in monocots; ex: pandanaceae
  4. clinging roots: roots spread along the surface of the bark; ex: orchid
  5. strangling/drop roots: roots cling to the bark of host tree and grow rapidly downward; ex: strangler fig
59
Q

type of roots based on storage

A
  1. food storage: manihot esculenta
  2. water storage: desert plants; ex: turbinicarpus
  3. contractile roots: plants with bulbs; ex: hyacinthus ep.
  4. nodular roots: legumes; ex: pea roots
60
Q

modified roots for protection may possess ___ to deter herbivores

A

spines

61
Q

modified roots for aeration allow root to perform ___; common in pneumatophores of mangroves

A

gas exchange

62
Q

modified roots for photosynthesis have _____ capable of photosynthesis; common in aerial roots of orchids; ex: taeniophyllum (orchidaceae)

A

chlorophyllous

63
Q

modified roots for reproduction have ___ roots that give rise to another plant; ex: kalanchoe; kataka-taka

A

adventitious

64
Q

plants that cling to rocks

A

lithophyte

65
Q

plants found in branches/trunk

A

epiphyte

66
Q

underground storage organs of plants

A

bulb

Botany (6 decks)

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