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Botany > Plant Tissues > Flashcards

Plant Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

four major organs

A
  1. roots
  2. stems
  3. leaves
  4. flowers
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2
Q

two major organs based on function

A
  1. vegetative organ
  2. reproductive organ
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3
Q

two plant systems

A
  1. root system
  2. shoot system
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4
Q

types of plant body

A
  1. primary plant body
  2. secondary plant body
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5
Q

primary plant body

A

from apical meristems; with primary tissues; herbaceous

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6
Q

secondary plant body

A

from lateral meristems; with secondary tissues; woody

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7
Q

tissues of woody plants

A

primary tissues that differentiate to secondary tissues

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8
Q

types of plant cells

A
  1. parenchyma
  2. collenchyma
  3. sclerenchyma
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9
Q

type of plant cell with thin and flexible tissues; most common type of plant cells; constitute all soft parts of plants

A

parenchyma

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10
Q

at maturity, parenchyma has a large and central vacuole; living and retained totipotency. what is totipotency?

A

plant characteristic/potential to give rise to unspecialized/undifferentiated cells

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11
Q

type of parenchyma responsible for photosynthesis

A

chlorenchyma

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12
Q

types of parenchyma that are considered to be “ground tissues”

A

pith parenchyma
cortical parenchyma

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13
Q

parenchyma that makes up the epidermis; pavement cells, guard cells for gas exchange, and trichomes

A

epidermal parenchyma

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14
Q

parenchyma that is used for storage of starch and oils

A

storage parenchyma

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15
Q

type of parenchyma that has intracellular spaces for gas exchange

A

aerenchyma

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16
Q

coating of wax and oils that covers the epidermis; present in aerial portions of plants; major novelty in the evolution of land plants

A

cuticular membrane

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17
Q

components of cuticular membrane

A

cutin
cutan
epicuticular wax

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18
Q

functions of cuticular membrane

A
  1. prevents desiccation
  2. inhibit pathogen invasion
  3. blocks certain wavelengths of uv radiation
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19
Q

undifferentiated cells in the epidermis that are tightly packed and appear to be emptied

A

pavement cells

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20
Q

pavement cells occur mostly in what surfaces?

A

leaf and stem

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21
Q

pavement cells have chloroplasts. true or false?

A

false

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22
Q

one or more layer of cells beneath the pavement cells

A

hypodermis

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23
Q

pores/openings in plants

A

stomata/stomatal pore complex

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24
Q

specialized epidermal cells in stomata that can change shape when swollen and eventually bends

A

guard cells

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25
Q

guard cells do not have chloroplasts. true or false?

A

false. they are the only plant cells that exhibit this characteristic; thus, they can photosynthesize

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26
Q

cells that work together with guard cells

A

subsidiary cells

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27
Q

subsidiary cells provide ___ to guard cells

A

potassium ions

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28
Q

stomata open and close at what times of the day?

A

open: dawn
closed: mid-afternoon

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29
Q

adaxial stomatal distribution

A

epistomatic

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30
Q

abaxial stomatic distribution

A

hypostomatic

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31
Q

ad/abaxial stomatal distribution

A

amphistomatic

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32
Q

type of stomatal pore complex wherein a single subsidiary cell surrounds the guard cell pair

A

floating

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33
Q

type of stomatal pore complex wherein two (2) subsidiary cells border the stomatal complex with long axes parallel with the long axes of the guard cell pair

A

paracytic (parallel-celled)

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34
Q

type of stomatal pore complex wherein two (2) subsidiary cells border the stomatal complex with common walls at right angles to the long axes of the guard cell pair

A

diacytic (cross-celled)

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35
Q

type of stomatal pore complex wherein three (3) subsidiary cells adjoin the guard cell pair

A

triacytic (three-celled)

36
Q

type of stomatal pore complex wherein three (3) subsidiary cells–one cell is smaller or larger than the other two–adjoin the guard cell pair

A

anisocytic (unequal-celled)

37
Q

type of stomatal pore complex wherein four subsidiary cells adjoin the guard cell pair

A

tetracytic (four-celled)

38
Q

type of stomatal pore complex wherein subsidiary cells are indistinct from the pavement cells

A

anomocytic (irregular-celled)

39
Q

type of stomatal pore complex found in the grass family wherein guard cells are dumbbell shaped and subsidiary cells lie parallel in a paracytic fashion

A

graminaceous

40
Q

four stomatal distribution and depth

A
  1. random
  2. linear
  3. clustered
  4. sunken
41
Q

extensions of epidermis that protect the leaf from biotic and abiotic stresses; can be uni/multicellular, non/glandular, non/branching

A

trichomes

42
Q

functions of trichomes

A
  1. raises humidity
  2. reduces amount of light entering the mesophyll
  3. physical and chemical barrier against herbivorous attacks
43
Q

type of plant cells with unevenly thickened primary walls; support young parts of plant shoot; at maturity, it is living and flexible, provide support without restraining growth

A

collenchyma

44
Q

collenchyma exhibits plasticity. what is plasticity?

A

ability to be deformed and retain the new shape even if pressure or tension ceases

45
Q

type of parenchyma with primary and secondary walls that are always lignified; supports the plant with its strength alone; at maturity, cannot elongate; many are dead yet functional

A

sclerenchyma

46
Q

sclerenchyma’s support is much more rigid than that of collenchyma’s. true or false?

A

true

47
Q

three basic sclerenchyma cell types

A
  1. fibers
  2. sclereids
  3. tracheary elements
48
Q

a sclerenchyma cell type that is often associated with the protection of vascular tissues and provides most of the leaf support (in addition to protecting the phloem)

A

fibers

49
Q

a sclerenchyma cell type that gives support to cell wall and other plant parts

A

sclereids

50
Q

a sclerenchyma cell type that provides conduit for the water of the transpirational stream to flow from the roots to the leaves

A

tracheary elements

51
Q

two types of tracheary elements

A
  1. tracheid
  2. vessel elements
52
Q

animal growth vs plant growth

A

animal growth: determinate growth
plant growth: indeterminate growth

53
Q

undifferentiated tissues that are actively engaged in cell division and give rise to mature complex/permanent tissues

A

meristems

54
Q

two types of meristems

A
  1. apical meristem
  2. lateral meristem
55
Q

type of meristem that enables primary growth; located in (1) root tips and (2) shoot tips

A

apical meristem

56
Q

type of meristem that enables secondary growth; located in (1) vascular cambium and (2) cork cambium

A

lateral meristem

57
Q

growth in length

A

primary growth

58
Q

growth in diameter/thickness

A

secondary growth

59
Q

vascular cambium gives rise to ___ where most thickening takes place

A

secondary xylem

60
Q

cork cambium replaces epidermis with tougher ___

A

periderm

61
Q

primary tissues in apical emristem

A
  1. protoderm
  2. ground meristem
  3. procambium
62
Q

derived from protoderm; single layer of parenchyma cells that serve as the outermost layer

A

epidermis

63
Q

epidermis contains a fatty substance that makes the wall impermeable to water, forming what layer?

A

cutin; cuticle layer

64
Q

epidermis also possess openings and ‘hairs’

A

stomata; trichomes

65
Q

trichomes functions

A
  1. blocks incoming sunlight
  2. deter herbivory
  3. conserve moisture in the eaves
66
Q

do trichomes die at maturity?

A

yes, but the cell wall provides protection; some remain alive but act as secretory glands

67
Q

interior to epidermis; homogenous photosynthetic parenchyma and collenchyma

A

cortex

68
Q

most plants have cortexes that fit together tightly. in fleshy stems, parenchyma is what?

A

aerenchyma

69
Q

xylem: ___
phloem: ___

A

water
solutes

70
Q

xylem at maturity

A

dead yet functional

71
Q

two types of conducting cells (tracheary elements)

A
  1. tracheid
  2. vessel elements
72
Q

type of tracheary element that is long, thin, and has tapered ends; water move from cell to cell mainly thru ___

A

tracheid; pits

73
Q

type of tracheary element that is wider, shorter, thinner-walled, and less tapered; aligned to end to end forming long pipes known as ___.

A

vessel elements; vessels

74
Q

xylem: parenchyma transforms to what?

A

sclerenchyma

75
Q

secondary walls of tracheid and vessel elements are organized as a set of ring called ____.

A

annular thickenings

76
Q

phloem at maturity

A

alive and functional

77
Q

two types of conducting cells (sieve elements)

A
  1. sieve cells
  2. sieve tube members
78
Q

type of sieve element that is elongated, spindle-shaped, and are found only in non-angiosperms; sieve areas are distributed over all its surface

A

sieve cells

79
Q

type of sieve element that has large sieve pores, sieve areas are small; stacked end-to-end by sieve plate; only in angiosperms

A

sieve tube members

80
Q

immature parenchymatous sieve elements enlarge its plasmodesmata’s diameter to form what?

A

sieve pores

81
Q

clusters of sieve pores

A

sieve areas

82
Q

sieve elements are associated with?

A

sieve cells: albuminous cells
sieve tube members: companion
cells

83
Q

vascular bundles contain both the xylem and phloem strands running parallel to each other. this is described as ___.

A

collateral

84
Q

vascular bundle arrangement in basal angiosperms and eudicots

A

vascular bundle forms a ring surrounding the pith

85
Q

vascular bundle arrangement in monocots

A

vascular bundles are scattered

Botany (6 decks)

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