Plant Tissues Flashcards
four major organs
- roots
- stems
- leaves
- flowers
two major organs based on function
- vegetative organ
- reproductive organ
two plant systems
- root system
- shoot system
types of plant body
- primary plant body
- secondary plant body
primary plant body
from apical meristems; with primary tissues; herbaceous
secondary plant body
from lateral meristems; with secondary tissues; woody
tissues of woody plants
primary tissues that differentiate to secondary tissues
types of plant cells
- parenchyma
- collenchyma
- sclerenchyma
type of plant cell with thin and flexible tissues; most common type of plant cells; constitute all soft parts of plants
parenchyma
at maturity, parenchyma has a large and central vacuole; living and retained totipotency. what is totipotency?
plant characteristic/potential to give rise to unspecialized/undifferentiated cells
type of parenchyma responsible for photosynthesis
chlorenchyma
types of parenchyma that are considered to be “ground tissues”
pith parenchyma
cortical parenchyma
parenchyma that makes up the epidermis; pavement cells, guard cells for gas exchange, and trichomes
epidermal parenchyma
parenchyma that is used for storage of starch and oils
storage parenchyma
type of parenchyma that has intracellular spaces for gas exchange
aerenchyma
coating of wax and oils that covers the epidermis; present in aerial portions of plants; major novelty in the evolution of land plants
cuticular membrane
components of cuticular membrane
cutin
cutan
epicuticular wax
functions of cuticular membrane
- prevents desiccation
- inhibit pathogen invasion
- blocks certain wavelengths of uv radiation
undifferentiated cells in the epidermis that are tightly packed and appear to be emptied
pavement cells
pavement cells occur mostly in what surfaces?
leaf and stem
pavement cells have chloroplasts. true or false?
false
one or more layer of cells beneath the pavement cells
hypodermis
pores/openings in plants
stomata/stomatal pore complex
specialized epidermal cells in stomata that can change shape when swollen and eventually bends
guard cells
guard cells do not have chloroplasts. true or false?
false. they are the only plant cells that exhibit this characteristic; thus, they can photosynthesize
cells that work together with guard cells
subsidiary cells
subsidiary cells provide ___ to guard cells
potassium ions
stomata open and close at what times of the day?
open: dawn
closed: mid-afternoon
adaxial stomatal distribution
epistomatic
abaxial stomatic distribution
hypostomatic
ad/abaxial stomatal distribution
amphistomatic
type of stomatal pore complex wherein a single subsidiary cell surrounds the guard cell pair
floating
type of stomatal pore complex wherein two (2) subsidiary cells border the stomatal complex with long axes parallel with the long axes of the guard cell pair
paracytic (parallel-celled)
type of stomatal pore complex wherein two (2) subsidiary cells border the stomatal complex with common walls at right angles to the long axes of the guard cell pair
diacytic (cross-celled)
type of stomatal pore complex wherein three (3) subsidiary cells adjoin the guard cell pair
triacytic (three-celled)
type of stomatal pore complex wherein three (3) subsidiary cells–one cell is smaller or larger than the other two–adjoin the guard cell pair
anisocytic (unequal-celled)
type of stomatal pore complex wherein four subsidiary cells adjoin the guard cell pair
tetracytic (four-celled)
type of stomatal pore complex wherein subsidiary cells are indistinct from the pavement cells
anomocytic (irregular-celled)
type of stomatal pore complex found in the grass family wherein guard cells are dumbbell shaped and subsidiary cells lie parallel in a paracytic fashion
graminaceous
four stomatal distribution and depth
- random
- linear
- clustered
- sunken
extensions of epidermis that protect the leaf from biotic and abiotic stresses; can be uni/multicellular, non/glandular, non/branching
trichomes
functions of trichomes
- raises humidity
- reduces amount of light entering the mesophyll
- physical and chemical barrier against herbivorous attacks
type of plant cells with unevenly thickened primary walls; support young parts of plant shoot; at maturity, it is living and flexible, provide support without restraining growth
collenchyma
collenchyma exhibits plasticity. what is plasticity?
ability to be deformed and retain the new shape even if pressure or tension ceases
type of parenchyma with primary and secondary walls that are always lignified; supports the plant with its strength alone; at maturity, cannot elongate; many are dead yet functional
sclerenchyma
sclerenchyma’s support is much more rigid than that of collenchyma’s. true or false?
true
three basic sclerenchyma cell types
- fibers
- sclereids
- tracheary elements
a sclerenchyma cell type that is often associated with the protection of vascular tissues and provides most of the leaf support (in addition to protecting the phloem)
fibers
a sclerenchyma cell type that gives support to cell wall and other plant parts
sclereids
a sclerenchyma cell type that provides conduit for the water of the transpirational stream to flow from the roots to the leaves
tracheary elements
two types of tracheary elements
- tracheid
- vessel elements
animal growth vs plant growth
animal growth: determinate growth
plant growth: indeterminate growth
undifferentiated tissues that are actively engaged in cell division and give rise to mature complex/permanent tissues
meristems
two types of meristems
- apical meristem
- lateral meristem
type of meristem that enables primary growth; located in (1) root tips and (2) shoot tips
apical meristem
type of meristem that enables secondary growth; located in (1) vascular cambium and (2) cork cambium
lateral meristem
growth in length
primary growth
growth in diameter/thickness
secondary growth
vascular cambium gives rise to ___ where most thickening takes place
secondary xylem
cork cambium replaces epidermis with tougher ___
periderm
primary tissues in apical emristem
- protoderm
- ground meristem
- procambium
derived from protoderm; single layer of parenchyma cells that serve as the outermost layer
epidermis
epidermis contains a fatty substance that makes the wall impermeable to water, forming what layer?
cutin; cuticle layer
epidermis also possess openings and ‘hairs’
stomata; trichomes
trichomes functions
- blocks incoming sunlight
- deter herbivory
- conserve moisture in the eaves
do trichomes die at maturity?
yes, but the cell wall provides protection; some remain alive but act as secretory glands
interior to epidermis; homogenous photosynthetic parenchyma and collenchyma
cortex
most plants have cortexes that fit together tightly. in fleshy stems, parenchyma is what?
aerenchyma
xylem: ___
phloem: ___
water
solutes
xylem at maturity
dead yet functional
two types of conducting cells (tracheary elements)
- tracheid
- vessel elements
type of tracheary element that is long, thin, and has tapered ends; water move from cell to cell mainly thru ___
tracheid; pits
type of tracheary element that is wider, shorter, thinner-walled, and less tapered; aligned to end to end forming long pipes known as ___.
vessel elements; vessels
xylem: parenchyma transforms to what?
sclerenchyma
secondary walls of tracheid and vessel elements are organized as a set of ring called ____.
annular thickenings
phloem at maturity
alive and functional
two types of conducting cells (sieve elements)
- sieve cells
- sieve tube members
type of sieve element that is elongated, spindle-shaped, and are found only in non-angiosperms; sieve areas are distributed over all its surface
sieve cells
type of sieve element that has large sieve pores, sieve areas are small; stacked end-to-end by sieve plate; only in angiosperms
sieve tube members
immature parenchymatous sieve elements enlarge its plasmodesmata’s diameter to form what?
sieve pores
clusters of sieve pores
sieve areas
sieve elements are associated with?
sieve cells: albuminous cells
sieve tube members: companion
cells
vascular bundles contain both the xylem and phloem strands running parallel to each other. this is described as ___.
collateral
vascular bundle arrangement in basal angiosperms and eudicots
vascular bundle forms a ring surrounding the pith
vascular bundle arrangement in monocots
vascular bundles are scattered
