Roots Flashcards
main root that develops from the radicle
Taproot system
Type of root system that is for storage, reaching for water underground
Taproot system
Short lived radicle and is replaced by
adventitious roots
Fibrous root system
What are the size of roots in taproot system?
Different sizes
Sizes of roots in fibrous root system
Similar
Root system that prevent erosion
Fibrous root system
commonly what type of plants have taproot system?
dicot and gymnosperm
commonly what type of plants have fibrous root system?
monocot
Three main function of roots?
Anchorage, absorption, and conduction
Modified root that plant reserves for carbohydrates, starch, nutrients, etc.
Storage Root
Modified root for water retention, photosynthesis, and support
Aerial Root
Plants that get nutrients and water from air and it is attached to another plant
Epiphytic
Are epiphytic plants get nutrients to the host they attach to? (yes or no)
No
The root epidermis composed of several layers of dead cells and it acts as a waterproof barrier
Velamen
Why does the velamen not permit water to leave the sides of the roots?
to prevent transpiration due to the environment
Vanilla planifolia is what type of modified root
Aerial root for photosynthesis
A modified root in which there is a host that is invaded by the germinating seed due to seed dispersal
Strangler fig
Does lenticels regulate gas exchange? (yes or no)
No
What is the function of lenticels?
to assist gas exchange
Modified root that give architectural support to the trunks of tall trees
buttress roots
Modified root that is produced by
trees such as mangroves that inhabit tidal swamps.
Pneumatophores
A term describing a plant organ that grows in an unusual location, such as roots arising from stems or leaves.
Adventitious
This modified root functions to keep the plant upright and provide a surface for nutrient and water uptake and gas exchange.
Brace root
Other term for brace root
stilt roots
Where does the brace roots come from in sugar cane and pandan?
nodes
Roots that function for support and transpiration, especially in mangroves
Prop roots
Cells that form spongy tissues for
gas exchange.
Aerenchyma cells
How many percent of parenchyma cells in pneumatophores
80% parenchyma
It keeps the at proper depth
Contractile roots
It is a specialized root that adheres to the host by secreting adhesive or grows around branch/root
Hausteria
Why does the hausteria attack the xylem and not the phloem?
because it can make its own food
What can a parasitic plant get from a xylem
water and nutrients
It is a relationship where there is a mutualism between fungus/fungi and the plant
symbiotic relationship
these are fungi that has a symbiotic relationship with the plants.
Mycorrhizae
What does host provide to fungi?
Organic substance
What does fungi provide to host?
absorb nutrients from the soil
This relationship helps plants able to tolerate stress better
Mycorrhizae
fungal hyphae invades root and forms extensive netlike structure BETWEEN
cortical cells
Ectomycorrhizal roots
mycorrhizae relationship common in Herbaceous plants
Endomycorrhizal roots
A mycorrhizae relationship common in all woody forest plants
Ectomycorrhizal relationship
branches formed by the fungi
arbuscules
This is given by the plants cells to the fungi since it cannot live without it
sugar
This is received by the plant cells through the help of fungi
phosphorous
What lines the casparian strip?
Suberin
Unobtrusive filaments on root surface and INVADES cortical cells
Endomychorrizal roots
This prevents exits of water backflow
casparian strip
Mutualism between plants and nitrogen-fixing soil rhizobia
Root nodules
What does a bacteria take and give to the plant
sugar, nitrogen
Special environment of root nodules
anaerobic
The common type of plant that are parasitic to a plant because their substrate is the body of another plant
angiosperm
Protects growing root tip and plays a vital role in gravity perception
Root cap
This cell acts as statocytes in gravity perception
columella cells
this is dense to sink where they perceive gravity
statoliths
plastids that store starch
amyloplasts
What cells are created when meristematic cells push cells forward into the cap?
columella cells
What cell secretes mucigel?
peripheral cells
Cells that results from the push of columella cells to the periphery of the root cap
peripheral cells
Its function are the following: protection from desiccation and growth of other roots, lubrication and
water and nutrient absorption
mucigel
What are the feature of the cells in the zone of cell division
the cells are small and their nucleus is clearly visible at the center.
This includes apical meristem and immediate products
zone of cell division
What are the feature of the cells in the zone of elongation?
cells enlarge due to the vacuole’s absorption of water
What are the feature of the cells in the zone of maturation/differentiation?
cells are differentiated.
This part is mitotically inactive and
reservoir to replace damaged cells of meristem
quiescent center
What zone of the root has root hairs?
zone of maturation
complete the following
protoderm –
ground meristem –
procambium –
epidermis
cortex
everything inside the vascular cylinder
usually one cell thick and differentiated from protoderm
epidermis
What does the epidermis covers?
all root except the root cap
Interior to epidermis, originated from ground meristem and it is usually largest in cross-section
cortex
three layers of cortex
hypodermis, storage parenchyma cells, endodermis
innermost layer of cortex and lacks intercellular spaces
endodermis
What is casparian strip composed of?
lignin and suberin
thin-walled
often contain starch
large intercellular spaces
Storage parenchyma cells
prominent in roots growing in arid soil and near soil surface and it is lined with suberin
epidermis
What is the vascular bundles composed of?
xylem and phloem
Do all plants have root caps?
No
What plants does not have root cap?
aquatic plants
gives rise to lateral roots
pericycle
where does the pith of monocots arise?
procambium
this is composed of secondary xylem and secondary phloem
vascular cambium
where does periderm arises?
pericycle
function in anchorage rather than water absorption
lateral roots
this replaces the epidermis allowing gas exchange between roots and soil atmosphere
periderm
is a lateral meristem and is responsible for secondary growth that replaces the epidermis
cork cambium
Its formation lead to lets to the separation between the primary phloem and the vascular cambium.
secondary phloem
It is produced by the vascular cambium. It forms the wood of the root, and it is dead tissue in the thicker roots .
Secondary xylem
links the fascicular cambium and differentiates from pericycle
Interfascicular cambium
Differentiates from procambial cells between xylem and phloem
Fascicular cambium
forms vascular rays and commonly short cells
Ray Initials
What plants lack secondary growth
Monocot and herbaceous
produce secondary xylem/phloem and its cells are elongated
Fusiform Initials
What cells composes ray initials for storage
parenchyma
what is the precursor of pericycle
procambium
is sunflower a monocot or dicot?
dicot
what do you call the stele with pith
siphonostele
what do you call the stele with no pith
protostele
what plan is siphonostele common?
what plan is protostele common?
siphonostele - monocot
protostele - dicot
stele of Ranunculus sp.
actinostele
