Romantic Period

Question 1

19th century Europe

Answer 1

• French Revolution
• Napoleon’s wars
• Social upheaval. Socialism & Marxism began
• Machine manufacturing (industrial revolution)
• Middle class music making, boom in music publishing
• Color theory (applied to music)
• Musical imaginations “trespass limits” that were once reasonable to explore new sounds. Communicate pure emotion

Question 2

Schubert (1797-1828)

Answer 2

Lieder (piano & voice) - Lindenbaum, Gretchen am Spinnrade, Dichterliebe

• Set lots of poetry
• Sultry or emotional piano and voice!

Question 3

Berlioz (1803-1868)

Answer 3

S.E. France.
Symphonie Fantastique - Lots of textural variation, some extra dissonance, use of idee fixe. First wind glissando in NAWM
Lots of dynamic drama.

Question 4

Late Romantic concepts

Answer 4

• Absolute vs. program music
• Reflect on the past, but appeal to the present
• Tradition vs. innovation

Question 5

Liszt (1811-1886)

Answer 5

Inspired by Paganini
Lots of piano music (Etudein Db).
-Symphonic poems - using “thematic transformation” on one particular theme throughout an entire piece to reflect diverse moods

Question 6

Clara Schumann (1819-1896)

Answer 6

Lots of piano works, piano trio (sounds classical)

Question 7

Brahms (1833-1897)

Answer 7

Piano, chamber, and symphonic music

Symphony No. 4, mvt. 4 - Surprising harmonies, lots of varied texture, timpani!!!

Question 8

Tchaikovsky (1840-1893)

Answer 8

Ballets (Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, Nutcracker)

Symphony No. 6 - A bit more varied than Brahms

Question 9

Opera and Music drama - 19th century

Answer 9

French Grand Opera (Meyerbeer, Gounoud, Berlioz, Bizet)

• Meyerbeer - “Huguenots”, large cast, lots of effects.
• Comique and Bouffe - satirization of second empire
• Lyric opera - in between.

Italian
-Rossini - "Bel Canto", literally beautiful song. Technical and lyrical singing
Bellini & Donizetti
Verdi (1813-1901) - Nationalism 
Puccini - Madame Butterfly

German

• Carl Maria von Weber
• Wagner - Music Drama. Unison of music and dramatic text. Leitmotifs (help to unify a scene and transform as plot develops). Much more chromatic. Motif shows up a lot.

Question 10

European end of 19th century music

Answer 10

Austro-German
• Bruckner - Wrote church music that used technicality of 19th cent. music with sacred text. “Virga Jesse” sounds like a madrigal with more harmonic/chromatic movement
• Mahler - Programmatic content, songs within symphonies. Kindertotenlieder (chamber music w/vocals, very emotional and tense)
• Strauss - Don Quixote (lots of little melodies that represent people)

National trends - Russia (Nationalism, pro-government).
• Mussorgsky - Boris Godunov (gongs, chimes). Distant/coloristic harmonies joined by common tone.
• Rimsky Korsakov - Programmatic works (Sheherazade, use of “fantastic” style and supernatural, whole tone scale)
• France - Faure (lyrical or dance-like instead of epic or dramatic). Common tones link less-related chords