Roman Empire Flashcards

1
Q

Foundation of Rome Year

A

753 BCE

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2
Q

Beginning of Roman Republic Date

A

509 BCE

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3
Q

Struggle of the Orders Date

A

500-287 BCE

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4
Q

Punic Wars Dates

A

264-146 BCE

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5
Q

Social War Dates

A

91-87 BCE

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6
Q

Rise of the First Triumvirate and Caesar Dates

A

80-44 BCE

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7
Q

Reign of Augustus Dates

A

27 BCE -14 CE

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8
Q

Empire Enjoys Expansion and Prosperity Dates

A

100-180 CE

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9
Q

Roman Empire Splits Date

A

364 CE

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10
Q

Last emperor Date

A

476 CE

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11
Q

Roman citizenship granted through Empire Date

A

212 CE

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12
Q

First pyramids date

A

~2500 BCE

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13
Q

Mesopotamian Cities created date

A

~4000 BCE

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14
Q

End of Ancient World

A

500 CE

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15
Q

When did hieroglyphics start?

A

~3200 BCE

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16
Q

When did Egypt become a Roman province?

A

30 BCE

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17
Q

When were the Greek poleis?

A

500-400 BCE

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18
Q

When did Greek and Latin emerge?

A

800-700 BCE

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19
Q

When was the first multi-national empire?

A

~2300 BCE

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20
Q

When were the Hellenistic Kingdoms founded?

A

323 BCE

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21
Q

What is the Bronze she-wolf statue?

A

The Capitoline She-Wolf is a representation of the twins Remus and Romulus feeding from the wolf that found them abandoned. It currently resides in Rome. The statue is made of bronze. The statue was thought to be made in the fifth century BCE but is now debated. Talk about how the wolf is unproportional and skinny.

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22
Q

Myth of Romulus and Remus

A

When the boys were prophesized to overthrow their uncle, he sent for them to be thrown into the river. However, the servant sent to do it took pity and left them in a basket.

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23
Q

Augustus of Prima Porta

A

Located in the Museum of the Vatican is the statue of Augustus, the first emperor of Rome. Prima Porta refers to the north gate of Rome, where Augustus’s wife lived. Statue is made of bronze and thought to be a copy of a public version. Thought to be a celebration for his victory over the Parthians. Made around 20 BCE. Naturalistic look about him, very human like. The cupid at his feet is a call to his lineage to Aeneas, and therefore, Venus. The breastplate represents Augustus and his achievements. (Man on left of breastplate is Roman and man on left is Parthian handing over standards after losing in battle). Many mythological figures, showing his dedication to the gods.

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24
Q

Arch of Constantine

A

The arch is made of parts of monuments from other emperors, who where known to be good, bringing him in the same conversation. The arch shows barbarians that have been conquered by Rome. In the section of Marcus Aurelius, there are panels representing victory over leaders, barbarians, giving of money, and motivational speeches. The section of Hadrian shows animal hunts and sacrifices given to the gods from these hunts. Constantine’s section shows the marching army to Verona and the conquering of Verona during the Roman Civil War.

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25
Q

Before Rome

A

Several small villages were around Italy

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26
Q

Early Rome

A

Ruled by the Latium who were farmers. Aristocratic families owned most of the land and peasants were soldiers and owned little land.

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27
Q

Comitia Curiata

A

Public assembly of all male citizens divided into 30 groups. They approved the selection of the king.

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28
Q

Regal Period Politics

A

King was in charge. Senate advised King.

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29
Q

Early Republic Politics

A

Elected officials shared power. 2 annually elected consuls replaced power of kings.

30
Q

What happened when Romulus died?

A

He became a god and is honored as the founder of Rome

31
Q

Struggle of the Orders

A

The struggle between Patricians (aristocrats) and plebians (non-aristocrats). The plebians wanted more rights and ability to be in office.

32
Q

Result of Struggle of the Orders

A

A separate citizen assembly was created for plebians. Central laws were created, weakening Patricians. Plebians could run for the highest office.

33
Q

The Latin League

A

A coalition of city-states in Latium with a shared language and culture

34
Q

Municipa

A

Cities subject to Rome and had Roman rights but could not vote.

35
Q

Expansion of Rome in the 5th and 4th centuries

A

The Romans constructed walls, roads, and aqueducts to expand

36
Q

Middle Republic Expansion

A

Rome acquired territory through war such as Carthage and Gauls.

37
Q

Social life in Middle Republic

A

War caused competition between Roman men, increasing the wealth gap between the patricians and the plebians.

38
Q

First Punic War

A

Carthage and Rome had a regional dispute surrounding Messina in Sicily. Rome and Syracuse fought Carthage. Rome built a navy and Carthage had to withdraw and pay Rome.

39
Q

Why did the Romans want Carthage?

A

Power naval trading ports

40
Q

Results of First Punic War

A

Carthage pushes into Spain. Sicily is ruled by the Romans.

41
Q

Second Punic War

A

Carthage captures Saguntum, a town under Roman protection. Romans declare war. Hannibal marches from Spain to Italy and almost defeats Rome but his supply in cut of by the Roman attack in Spain. Hannibal is defeated by Publius Cornelius Scipio in Zama. Peace is made, Rome is paid.

42
Q

Result of Second Punic War

A

Rome expands into Spain and becomes involved in more conflicts

43
Q

Third Punic War

A

Rome destroys Carthage and enslaves/kills their people.

44
Q

Consequences of Expansion by Romans

A

No mechanism to control all the land, extortion and abuse in provinces, competition amongst elites in Rome, poverty, overpopulation, destabilizing traditions.

45
Q

Late Republic: Social Events

A

Senate and Assembly of Plebians clashed over impoverished civilians, which would end in political violence. Gracchus brothers ruled and pushed reforms which angered the wealthy. Both of them were killed by patrician-backed mobs.

46
Q

First Century BCE, Roman Republic

A

Gaius Marius rose to power. He revolutionized the military and had the state pay to arm the soldiers.

47
Q

Social War

A

Towns and cities under Roman rule felt they were being exploited and rose against Rome. Generals Marius and Sulla defeated the cities. Romans extended citizenship to Italian cities, but punished the rebels.

48
Q

Impacts of Social War

A

Cities began to operate like Rome and spoke Latin.

49
Q

First Civil War

A

Fought between followers of Marius and Sulla. Conflict began over which general should be sent east to wage war. Marius dies and when Sulla returns to Rome, he kills all of Marius’s supporters including senators. Sulla showed that a powerful army can create a dangerous leader.

50
Q

First Triumvirate

A

After the first civil war, Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar worked behind the scenes to support each other’s political aims. The triumvirate broke up and Caesar went to Gaul, Crassus died, and Pompey gained support and became anti-Caesar.

51
Q

2nd Civil War

A

Fought between followers of Caesar and Pompey. Started when the Senate told Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome, but he refused. He marched to Rome where he defeated Pompey who fled to Egypt and was killed by a Caesar supporting pharaoh. Caesar wanted to kill Pompey so he supports Cleopatra. Caesar is dictator of Rome where he kills all of Pompey’s supporters and then is assassinated.

52
Q

Second Triumvirate

A

Caesar’s heir, Octavian, creates a coalition with Marc Antony and Lepidus. When the will of Caesar is read, his killers flee and are hunted down by the triumvirate.

53
Q

Octavian

A

Octavian is able to get Lepidus out of the political scene. He presents Marc Antony as an enemy of Rome, saying he is under the control of Cleopatra. At the battle of Actium, he and Agrippa defeat the couple who flee to Egypt and commit suicide. Octavian is given title of Augustus Caesar and is given unrivaled power (start of Roman Empire).

54
Q

How did Augustus come to power?

A

Made himself in charge of the armies. Presented himself as restorer of peace.

55
Q

The Julio-Claudians

A

Augustus founded the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Julio is Julius’s side, and Claudian is from Augustus’s wife’s side. These five emperors were Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. Tiberius and Claudius were competent. Caligula and Nero were not.

56
Q

Claudius

A

Built a new harbor on Tiber River. Began conquest of Britain. Commissioned new aqueducts

57
Q

Nero

A

He was a fan of the arts and good ruler his first few years until he had his wife and mother killed. He became erratic and was declared an enemy of Rome. Killed himself without an heir during the rebellion against him.

58
Q

The Flavians

A

Vespasian, a war general. Titus, son of Vespasian.
Domitian, son of Vespasian, war general.
Stabilized the Empire and expanded. Built the Colosseum.

59
Q

Good Emperors

A

Prevented civil war after Domitian was assassinated. Secured Rome and expanded. Repaired the infrastructure. Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius.

60
Q

Trajan

A

Conquered Mesopotamia and Dacia. Built the largest forum in Rome.

61
Q

Hadrian

A

Restored the Parthenon. Built Hadrian’s Wall in England.

62
Q

Marcus Aurelius

A

Started the trend of co-ruling.

63
Q

Western European provinces

A

Held by aristocratic-led tribes with bands of warriors

64
Q

Judaism in the Roman Empire

A

Jew migrated to Rome. They were granted rights and given sacred land in Israel and Palestine. Jewish uprisings created hostility.

65
Q

Commodus

A

An erratic ruler who wanted to please the public and himself rather than rule. Performed as a gladiator. He was strangled and killed.

66
Q

Septimius Severus

A

Governer of current day Hungary when his troops proclaimed his as emperor. Converted the Roman government into a military monarch. Succeeded by Caracalla who gave citizenship to every free person in the Roman Empire.

67
Q

Crisis of the 3rd Century

A

Emperors were proclaimed by troops leading to 30 different emperors. Most of them were focused on their own goals rather than that of Rome. Wars broke out all over Rome.

68
Q

Diocletian

A

A reformer emperor who reorganized administration, finances, and the military. Divided the empire in halves and established a rule of 4 men over 4 regions of the Empire.

69
Q

Order of the Imperial Rulers

A

Julio-Claudians, Flavians, Good Emperors, Severan, Crisis of the 3rd century, Diocletian, Constantine, Theodosius

70
Q

Where did Constantine create a capital?

A

Constantinople

71
Q

Who supported Christianity in Ancient Rome?

A

Constantine

72
Q

Who overthrew the Romans?

A

The Visigoths