ROM EXERCISES/ TRANSFER TECHNIQUES (7-8) Flashcards
What is ADHESION
Fibrous band of scar tissue that binds together anatomic structures that normally separate
What is ATROPHY
Decrease in the size of normally developed cells, tissues, organs or body parts.
What is CONTRACTURE
Condition of shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons or other tissue
Often leading to deformity and rigidity of joints
what is HYPERTROPHY
Increase in the cross-sectional size of a fiber or cell
what is CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION
Overall shortening of a muscle as it develops tension and contracts;
positive work is performed or movement is accelerated.
what is ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION
Lengthening of a muscle as it develops tension and contracts to control motion performed by an outside force;
negative work is performed or movement is decelerated.
What is RANGE OF MOTION (ROM)
The normal extent of movement in a joint
the amount of motion allowed between two bony levers
Name the THREE types of ROM exercises
1) Passive Range of Motion (PROM)
2) Active Range of Motion (AROM)
3) Active Assistive Range of Motion (AAROM)
What is (PROM)
Movement of a joint or body segment by a force external to the body
within an unrestricted and normal ROM without active, voluntary muscle contraction by the patient .
What are the 3 EXTERNAL FORCES for ROM
1) MANUAL (ly) by the patient or another person
2) MECHANICALLY with the use of weights or pulleys, a continuous passive motion unit, or passive mode on an isokinetic unit
3) Gravity
What is AROM
Movement of a joint or body segment produced by ACTIVE voluntary muscle contractions
by the patient within the unrestricted, normal ROM
What is AAROM
Form of active exercise whereby an external force is used to help the patient perform the exercise
What are the BENEFITS of PROM
- Preserves and maintains range of motion
- minimizes contracture formation
- minimizes adhesion formation
-maintains mechanical elasticity of muscle
-promotes and maintains local circulation
What are the BENEFITS of active exercise
- Maintains physiological elasticity, strength and contractile endurance of muscle
- increases local circulation
- increases awareness of joint motion and sensory awareness
- Maintains and improves cardiopulmonary functions (aerobic exercise)
- May prevent thrombus formation in LE when ANKLE FLEXION EXTENSION movements are used (i.e Ankle pumping)
- Maintains and promotes the structural integrity of the tendon bone interface
- Improves muscle strength with the use of external resistance
what are the PRINCIPLES of exercise activities
- Patient should not be challenged to exceed maximal physical capabilities
- Maintain a normal breathing pattern to avoid VALSALVA MANEUVER
-Avoid applying excessive stress to the patients skin, soft tissues, joints, and bones when manual or mechanical resistance is used.
-Protect structures that are unstable or vulnerable to injury
- Monitor effect of exercise closely for patients who have a known history of cardiopulmonary dysfunction
-evaluate the equipment being used to ensure that it is secure and stable and that it functions properly.
- The caregiver and patient should use proper body mechanics during exercise
What are the 3 types of muscle contraction
1) ISOTONIC
2) ISOMETRIC
3)ISOKINETIC
Define ISOTONIC muscle contraction and exercise
- Can be used to maintain or increase strength, power and endurance
- Promote Local circulation and enhance cardiovascular efficiency
Define ISOMETRIC muscle contraction and exercise
- Contraction produces little or no observable joint motion and no significant chance in the length of the muscle
- Can be performed with or without external resistance
- no resistance is applied
Define ISOKINETIC muscle contraction and exercise
- Possible when specific equipment is used
- Equipment controls the speed of the patients contraction and produces a variable resistance to the muscle as it contracts through its arc or ROM
What are the PRECAUTIONS related to active exercise
- Undesired cardiopulmonary stress occurs
-breathing pattern of the patient becomes abnormal
-Undesired, adverse response to exercise
-unstable area or segment undergoes stress
- undesired tone of muscle develops or increases
-Patients condition or functional ability regresses
Define Transfer
The safe movement of a person from one surface or location to another
OR
one position to another
When organizing a patient transfer what is PREPARATION
- Plan and organize the transfer procedure before the patient attempts it.
inform and teach the pt how to assist or perform the transfer, to enhance confidence and effectiveness - Pay attention to safety precautions associated with each transfer to protect the pt from injury.
Obtain sufficient assistance or equipment to ensure a safe procedure
When organizing a patient transfer what is
SAFETY
- The primary responsibility during a transfer is to guard and protect the patient to avoid injury.
-Be in a protective position in front of and slightly to one side of the patient when they stand to prevent falls.
When organizing a patient transfer what do you do BEFORE THE TRANSFER
-Prepare the patient, environment, yourself, and other individuals involved.
Assess the patients abilities and limitations, and make a decision based on evaluation, available information, patient input, and treatment goals.
- Use equipment only necessary and avoid perpetuating patient dependence.
Ensure equipment is obtained, positioned and stabilized correctly before initiating the transfer
When organizing a patient transfer what happens DURING THE TRANSFER
- Explain the transfer procedure to the patient and obtain their consent, ensuring they understand the activity and associated risks.
Ask the patient to repeat the instructions for better comprehension - Keep instructions brief, concise and action oriented
Encourage the patient to participate to the fullest extent possible while maintaining safety
What are the types of transfers that do not use mechanical equipment
- Standing, Dependent Pivot
- Standing, Assisted Pivot
- Sitting or Lateral Assisted Transfer
- Sitting, Dependent Lift
-
What are the transfers that do require mechanical equipment
- Manually Operated Lift
- Electrical Lift
What is a Standing, Dependent Pivot transfer
Requiring AT LEAST one person to elevate the pt to a standing position,
Pivot,
and lower them with their back toward another object.
(in deciding when to block the knees, the strength of the patient is considered.)
What is a Standing, Assisted Pivot transfer
- Caregiver assists pt in standing, pivoting and transferring to another object.
Pt effort may range from minimal to maximal
What is a Sitting, Lateral Assisted Transfer
The pt can move from one surface to another while sitting, often using equipment
(transfer boards, overhead bars)
Pt may require some physical assistance and must be guarded throughout
What is a Sitting, Dependent Lift transfer
One of more persons may be required to lift and move the patient from one surface to another
OR
a mechanical lift may be used when the patient cannot assist with the transfer.
What is a Manually Operated Life transfer
Uses a hydraulic fluid system to raise and lower the patient
What is a Electrical Life transfer
Uses power from rechargable batteries that are connected to a control unit that accompanies the lift.
