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320 Motor Control > Role of Visual and Vestibular Feedback in Motor Control > Flashcards

Role of Visual and Vestibular Feedback in Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

Central visual pathway

A

Optic nerve -> chiasm -> tract -> LGN -> visual cortex

or

Optic nerve -> chiasm -> tract -> superior colliculus -> eye movement

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2
Q

visual field

A

visual area seen by each eye when head is fixed

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3
Q

Left hemifield projects

A

Nasal half of the left eye and temporal half of the right eye

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4
Q

How do you get monocular vision

A

Cut optic nerve

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5
Q

How do you lose temporal portions of both halves of visual field

A

Cut optic chiasm

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6
Q

Pituitary tumors result in

A

loss of temporal portions of both halves of visual field because optic chiasm compromised

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7
Q

Lesion at right optic nerve

A

WW BB

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8
Q

Lesion at optic chiasm

A

BW WB

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9
Q

Lesion at right optic radiations/tract/LGN

A

BW BW

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10
Q

Lesion at right occipital visual cortex

A

BW BW

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11
Q

Does visual cortex have distinct cell layers?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What kind of organization of neurons does visual cortex have?

A

Columnar

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13
Q

What are some specific visual stimuli that visual cortex neurons can respond to?

A

orientation, edge, movement of object across visual field

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14
Q

What responds to an aspect of the visual object

A

orientation columns

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15
Q

What are each slice of orientation columns for

A

Each slice of the block of tissue is presumed to specialize in the analysis of straight lines in a particular orientation

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16
Q

When are columns of cells (orientation columns) activated

A

They are activated only when the visual stimulus has a particular orientation

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17
Q

Blobs

A

Regularly spaced columns of cells which respond to color

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18
Q

What has “zebra appearance” from top down viewpoint

A

Ocular dominance columns, irregular in size

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19
Q

Receptive fields

A

Something that cells in the visual cortex have. These cells react when a stimulus is presented to a certain area on the retina.

20
Q

Two main projections from visual cortex

A

Parietal lobe

Temporal lobe

21
Q

Visuomotor transformations

A

Parietal lobe, dorsal stream

22
Q

Visual perception, visual memory

A

Temporal lobe, ventral stream

23
Q

Dorsal stream

A

Behavioral control path, where system

projects to frontal lobes

24
Q

Dorsal stream disease

A

optic ataxia

hemispatial neglect

25
Q

optic ataxia

A

patient has difficulty using visual input to guide hand or arm movements

26
Q

hemispatial neglect

A

patient is unaware of half of visual field on opposite side from cortical lesion

27
Q

ventral stream

A

what system, conscious perception path

recognition of shapes, faces, route finding

28
Q

visual agnosia

A

patients can describe the visual features of an object, but cannot name the object

29
Q

ventral stream disease

A

visual agnosia

30
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

excess glucose weakens blood vessels in the eye

bulge (aneurysm) and bleed damage retina

31
Q

vestibular function

A

control of balance, head position

organs of balance - inner ear (membraneous labyrinth)

32
Q

What detects angular rotation of head in 3 directions

A

Semicircular ducts (canals)

33
Q

What detects linear head acceleration (head tilt) relative to direction of gravity

A

otolith organs

34
Q

where is info from semicircular ducts and otolith organs sent to, what’s it for

A

cerebellum, brainstem

for control of balance, head position

35
Q

sensory receptor in vestibular system

A

hair cells

36
Q

components of hair cells

A

stereocilia (short), kinocilium (long)

37
Q

how does hair cells sense

A

firing of hair cells depends on direction of hair cell bending
tonic release of transmitter -> + or - AP

38
Q

What depolarizes hair cells

A

bend hair cells towards kinocilium (long)

39
Q

What is the afferent fiber for hair cells

A

VIII

40
Q

endolymph

A

fluid inside canals (SC ducts)

41
Q

how is angular head rotation detected

A

hair cells located in ampullae of SC stimulated by force exerted by inertia of endolymph when head moves
Work in pairs to determine direction of head rotation

42
Q

How do hair cells work in pairs

A

depolarization of cells in one canal and hyperpolarization on the other side

43
Q

how does head sense linear acceleration

A

hair cells in utricle have CACO3 (otolith stones) in gelatinous material, which cause deformation of gelatinous mass when tilt - bend hair cells

44
Q

Balance problems

A

Vertigo, symptom of Meniere’s Disease

45
Q

vertigo

A

illusion of spinning

  • unequal inputs from the two vestibular nerves
  • interpreted by the brain as movement
  • role of vision, tactile input
  • symptom of Meniere’s disease

320 Motor Control (8 decks)

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