Role Of The Endoplasmic Reticulum And Golgi Apparatus Flashcards

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1
Q

How can a protein be modified

A

By adding carbohydrates to it to form a glycoprotein, these modifications can be critically important for protein function

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2
Q

Four destinations of proteins and examples

A

Cytoplasm
Organelles (eg digestive enzymes transported to lysosomes)
Cell membrane (receptor proteins)
Secreted from cell (eg hormones or antibodies)

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3
Q

Describe shape of ribosome and function

A

Made up of one large and one small subunit with each subunit containing a number of different proteins and ribosomal RNA
-where translation occurs in protein synthesis

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4
Q

Role of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Where protein synthesis takes place for proteins that are then transported to organelles, cell membrane or secreted from cell

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5
Q

Structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

-consists of sheets of membranes forming flattened sacs called cisternae
-cisternae contain a range of different enzymes and the membranes of cisternae are covered with ribosomes which are where translation takes place for proteins

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6
Q

Explain process of how a protein is synthesised in rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

-mRNA binds to ribosome on the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum and growing polypeptide chain passes through membrane and into the lumen of rough endoplasmic reticulum
-polypeptide chain then folds into its tertiary structure in the lumen and makes it way through the lumen where modifications can be made to it eg carbohydrates can be added to form a glycoprotein
-then packaged into vesicles to go to the Golgi apparatus

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7
Q

Describe structure of Golgi apparatus

A

-made up of cisternae (sheets of flattened discs) and surrounded by vesicles

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8
Q

Describe role of Golgi apparatus

A

-vesicles from rough endoplasmic reticulum bind to Golgi apparatus cisternae and as polypeptide chain makes it way through Golgi apparatus it can be modified further eg additional carbohydrates can be added
-at some point the polypeptide will have reached its final structure and now called a functional protein to be packaged into vesicles which can fuse with cell membrane for protein to be secreted from cell/form part of the structure of cell membrane/ enter vesicles which go on to form lysosomes

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9
Q

What does the final destination of a protein depend on

A

Depends on the amino acid sequence and how the protein is modified in the rough ER and Golgi apparatus

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10
Q

Which cells will have a lot of rough ER

A

Cells that secrete large amounts of protein

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11
Q

Role of smooth ER and how they differ from rough

A

Not covered with ribosomes
Job is to make and store lipids and carbohydrates which can then pass through Golgi apparatus where they can be modified and transported to final destination

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