Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NSF > Rodents - Small Furies 1 > Flashcards

Rodents - Small Furies 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Rodents are of which order?

A

Rodentia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are rodents charactised by?

A

Continuously growing incisor teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the smallest rodent?

A

Pygmy mouse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the largest rodent?

A

Capybara

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many sub-orders are there in the rodent order?

A

5 sub-orders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two main sub-orders in ‘pet’ species?

A

Myomorpha (mouse like)
Hystricomorpha (porcupine like)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the additional sub-orders called?

A

Scuriomorpha (squirrel like)
Anomaluromorpha (springhares and scaly tailed squirrels)
Castorimorpha (beavers, gophers, kangaroo mice, pocket mice, kangaroo rats)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the dental formula of myomorpha?

A

I 1/1 , C 0/0 , P 0/0 , M 3/3
Total = 16

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the dental formula of hystricomorpha?

A

I 1/1 , C 0/0 , P 1/1 , M 3/3
Total = 20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is it impossible to reduce the crown length safely with a dental burr?

A

The incisor pulp cavity is small and beneath the gum line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference between the cheek teeth in hystricomorph and myomorph rodents?

A

Hystericomorph rodents have continuously erupting cheek teeth
Myomorph rodents cheek teeth don’t continue to erupt - they stop erupting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the mouth anatomy of rodents allow them to do?

A

They can gnaw without wearing molars or swallowing debris and they can chew.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe rodents incisors.

A

Chisel shaped (soft dentine wears more quickly causing this shape)
Open rooted (aradacular)
Continually growing (elodont)
Hard enamel on one side (rostral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the lower to upper incisor crown ratio in myomorphs?

A

3:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the difference between molars in myomorph and hystricomorphs?

A

Myomorphs = anelodont (grow for short period then cease erupting)
Hystricomorphs = continue to erupt throughout life (dental disease more common)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the gastrointestinal system of rodents.

A

Monogastric - simple stomach (hamsters have fore-stomach). glandular part of the stomach separated from fore stomach by a ridge.
Relatively large caecum
Elongated colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why do rodents exhibit caecotrophy (eat droppings)?

A

It enhances the uptake of essential vitamins and amino acids produced by bacterial fermentation in the hindgut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What prevents rodents from vomiting?

A

Limiting ridge between oesophagus and cardia of the stomach (J-shaped cardia)
Strong oesophageal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Do you need to starve rodents before surgery? Explain why/why not?

A

You do not need to starve rodents before surgery because they have a high metabolic rate and relatively fast gut transit time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Are rodents mouth or nasal breathers?

A

They are obligate nasal breathers, mouth breathing is a sign of respiratory distress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How many lobes do rodents have in their left and right lung?

A

Left lung = single lobe
Right lung = four lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why are hamsters’ lungs different to other rodents?

A

Hamsters have one single lobe in their left lung but 5 lobes in their right lung (instead of 4).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the names of the lung lobes in rodents?

A

Left lung
Right cranial
Right middle
Right caudal
Right accessory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are oxygen requirements high or low for rodents size?

A

High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do rodents optimise respiration?

A

They have short airways and increased respiratory rates
More alveoli of thinner diameter (increased S.A)
High chest wall compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does high chest wall compliance in rodents optimise respiration?

A

Increases vital capacity therefore decreases residual lung capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which way does the oxygen binding curve shift in smaller animals?

A

The right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How does the movement of the oxygen binding curve help meet the increased demand for oxygen by the tissues of small animals with a high metabolic rate?

A

Haemoglobin released oxygen readily at tissue level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does a relatively high surface area to volume ratio result in in rodents?

A

They dissipate heat readily
Have a high metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the mechanisms for thermogenesis that rodents use?

A

Behavioural - huddling, nest building and tunnelling
Shivering
Peripheral vasoconstriction
Non shivering - brown fat behind scapula and around neck - can persist for life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the mechanisms for hear loss that rodents use?

A

Sweat glands (minimal and on feet)
Evaporation of saliva groomed over body
Arteriovenous shunts in ears, tails and feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the reproductive strategy of a myomorph rodent?

A

Litter size = large
Gestation period = short
Young = altricial (need lots of looking after)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the reproductive strategy of a hystricomorph rodent?

A

Litter size = small
Gestation period = long
Young = precocial (reflected in longer gestation period)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the difference between bicornuate and duplex female reproductive systems?

A

Bicornuate = single cervix and uterus
Duplex = left and right cervix and left and right uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Bicornuate reproductive systems are seen in female ferrets, cats, dogs and which rodent species?

A

Guinea pig

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Duplex reproductive systems are seen in female rabbits and which rodent species?

A

Rat, mouse, hamster, gerbil and chinchilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Describe the testes in rodents.

A

In most rodents the testes are large (compared to body size) and descend into the scrotal sac following puberty.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

In which rodent species are the testes found inguinally?

A

Chinchilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the advantage if rodents having lots of accessory sex glands?

A

Increases reproductive success

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Name the accessory sex glands found in rodents.

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Coagulating gland
Bulbourethral gland
Preputial gland

41
Q

Why is the penis of a dog similar to that of a rodent?

A

It has an os penis

42
Q

What is the most reliable method for sexing all of the rodent species?

A

Ano-genital distance

43
Q

Is the ano-genital distance longer in males or females?

A

Longer in male than female rodents

44
Q

What other methods can you use to sex a rodent?

A

Presence/absence of nipples in some species
Presence/absence of testes and penis in some species

45
Q

Rodents have an open inguinal canal, what does this allow them to do?

A

Retract testicles back into the abdomen (making sexing rodents difficult)

46
Q

Describe the nipples of mice.

A

Only female mice have nipples

47
Q

Describe the testes of adult mice.

A

Large testicles relative to body size

48
Q

Describe the nipples of rats.

A

Only female rats have nipples

49
Q

Describe the testes of mature rats.

A

Large and prominent (beware of neutered males)

50
Q

Describe the nipples of gerbils.

A

Both sexes have nipples although much more obvious in the female

51
Q

Describe the testes of gerbils.

A

Large testes with a pigmented scrotu

52
Q

Describe the ventral scent gland in gerbils.

A

It is more obvious in males and is used for scenting.

53
Q

Describe the nipples of hamsters.

A

Both sexes have nipples although more obvious in females

54
Q

Describe the testes of mature hamsters.

A

Large relative to body size

55
Q

What does the rear end of a hamster allow you to identify?

A

You can often tell the sex of hamsters by the shape of their back end.
Male hamsters back end is larger whereas females are smaller.

56
Q

Describe the nipples of guinea pigs.

A

Both species have obvious inguinal nipples

57
Q

Describe the testes of boar guinea pigs.

A

Large obvious testicles (some may be neutered)

58
Q

What is a method for sexing guinea pigs?

A

Females are a Y-shape
Males are i - shape

59
Q

Explain why often difficult to sex a chinchilla.

A

It is easy to mistake the clitoris for a penis so the external genitalia look familiar. There is no true scrotum in the male and the testes are often inguinal.

60
Q

How can you determine the stage of oestrus cycle in rats and mice?

A

Use the cytology of vaginal secretions

61
Q

What are the distinct periods of the rodent oestrus cycle?

A

Proestrus
Oestrus
Metoestrus
Dioestrus

62
Q

How do you identify the distinct periods of the reproductive cycles?

A

Look at lymphocytes and epithelial cells of vaginal secretions

63
Q

Describe the lymphocytes and epithelial cells in the different stages of reproductive cycles.

A

Proestrus = mostly round nucleated cells, few leukocytes
Oestrus = some nucleated cells, few lymphocytes
Metoestrus = lots of leukocytes, non nucleated epithelial cells
Dioestrus = some leukocytes, non nucleated epithelial cells

64
Q

What is a copulatory plug?

A

Congealed sperm, mucus and accessory ejaculatory fluids which harden within the cervix

65
Q

How long does a copulatory plug remain in place for?

A

8-12 hours and then falls out

66
Q

What is the purpose of a copulatory plug?

A

It is thought to seal the vagina and make it more likely for mating to be successful.

67
Q

Why are rats incisors usually yellow?

A

Due to iron pigment deposited in enamel

68
Q

Describe the harderian gland in rats.

A

It is prominent
Red brown gland filling a large part of orbit and lies behind the globe

69
Q

What happens when rats are stressed or unwell relating to the harderian gland?

A

Increases secretion of porphyrin - looks like the rat is ‘crying blood’

70
Q

Describe the mammary tissue in rats.

A

Extensive from axilla to groin in females
6 pairs of mammary glands
Prone to tumour formation

71
Q

What kind of tumours may develop in rats mammary tissue?

A

Majority are fibrodenomas and some are adenocarcinomas.
The tumours are often benign but fast growing and prone to ulceration and secondary infection

72
Q

Describe hamsters cheek pouches.

A

Bilateral
Extend caudally as far as the shoulder blades
Often the site of impaction
Lined with oral mucosa
Immunologically privileged site
Primary function is storage & transport of food
Can inflate - keep them afloat in water

73
Q

Describe the stomach of hamsters.

A

It is compartmentalised into a forestomach and glandular stomach

74
Q

What makes hamsters sensitive to antibiotics?

A

Their fore stomach due to disruption of normal gut flora

75
Q

Describe the female reproductive anatomy of a hamster.

A

They have separate vaginal and urethral openings
Bilateral vaginal pouches internally - makes vaginal cytology hard to interpret
Vaginal plug deep and difficult to see

76
Q

In hamsters, what are often mistaken for tumours?

A

Flank glands - androgen responsive
More obvious in males than females

77
Q

Why is it tricky to blood sample a hamster and what blood vessels should you use?

A

They have no tail fin
Use jugular, cephalic, cranial vena cava

78
Q

At what temperatures do hamsters hibernate at?

A

Under 10 degrees Celsius

79
Q

When are hamsters most active?

A

During hours of darkness - nocturnal

80
Q

What is the water consumption of a hamster?

A

Up to 20ml a day in some large adults

81
Q

What is unique about gerbil pairs and families?

A

Form monogamous pairs
Males take a big role in looking after young.

82
Q

Describe sebaceous glands in gerbils.

A

Both sexes have large ventral midline glands
Larger in males
Often mistaken for tumour
Is a site for tumour formation

83
Q

Why do gerbils drink very little water?

A

4ml/100g/day
They are a desert species and have excellent urine concentrating abilities

84
Q

What do guinea pigs have an absolute requirement for?

A

Vitamin C

85
Q

How much vitamin C is required in a healthy adult guinea pig?

A

20-25mg/kg/day

86
Q

How much vitamin C is required in a pregnant female guinea pig?

A

30-40mg/kg/day

87
Q

What gland do male guinea pigs have prominently?

A

Caudal sebaceous

88
Q

The pubic symphysis of a guinea pig dilates to allow for parturition. What might the significance of this be in terms of breeding?

A

Ideally breed for the first time before the age of 8 months.

89
Q

Where should you take a blood sample from on a guinea pig?

A

Cranial vena cava, jugular, femoral or lateral saphenous vein

90
Q

What property means guinea pigs are often used in laboratory science?

A

Thymus is cervical

91
Q

What is the gestation period of a guinea pig?

A

59-72 days

92
Q

Are guinea pig young altricial or precocial?

A

Precocial

93
Q

Can chinchillas adapt to diurnal lifestyles?

A

They are naturally nocturnal however can adapt to diurnal lifestyle. They need 12hr:12hr light dark periods.

94
Q

Describe the fur of chinchillas.

A

Very dense fur - 50-60 hairs from each follicle
Tolerant of cold (but not wet) and sensitive to heat
Dust baths help maintain coat condition

95
Q

Where do you take a blood sample from on a chinchilla?

A

Cranial vena cava and lateral saphenous

96
Q

What does a bald patch on a chinchilla usually indicate?

A

A fur slip - in response to allow them to escape when threatened. Sign of poor welfare!

97
Q

Are the young of chinchillas altricial or precocial?

A

Precocial

98
Q

What is the gestation period of a chinchilla?

A

111 days

NSF (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions