Rodents Flashcards
cause of malocclusion of rodents
congenital, diet, trauma inflammation
signs of malocclusion of rodetns
increased salivation, bruxism, reduced feed intake, reduced/absence defecation, lethargy, anorexia, irregular jaw and tongue movements
diagnosis of malocclusion of rodents
hiistory, clinical exam (otoscope), X-ray of head and abdomen, CT
treatment of malocclusion of rodents
tooth correction, treatment for gastrostasis
cause of gastrointestinal stasis
nutrition, malocclusion, systemic disease, moulting, lack of exercise, dehydration
- decreased fibres hypomotility change in pH f the caecum
pathogenesis of gastrointestinal stasis
Absence of food intake energy deficit mobilisation of free fatty acids from adipose tissue fatty liver infiltration ketoacidosis/hepatic lipidosis last stage
signs of gastrointestinal stasis
Early stage
Reduced appetite, reduced/loss of faecal production, depression, reduced amount of food in the stomach, x-ray gas + large amount of faeces in the rectum, hyp(er)(o)normoglycaemia
Intermediate stage (24-48h)
- Reduced/loss of appetite, absence of faecal production, hard + small stomach (palpation), X-ray – increased amount of gas, normoglycaemia, depression + dehydration
Terminal stage:
- Large amount of gas in the caecum/colon, lack of appetite and defecation, weight loss, depression, ataxia, lipemia, kidney, liver damage, ketoacidosis
Other symptoms:Increased salivation (teeth), bruxism (pain)
diagnosis of gastrointestinal stasis
history, symptoms, X-ray, blood tests, dehydration (PCV), Liver (AST, lipemia, glucose), kidney (urea, creatinine, potassium, phosphorus)
treatment of gastrointestinal stasis
- prokinetics/ gastric protection
- ATB (enrofloxacine, trimetoprime sulpha)
- probiotics + vitamin B complex
- abdominal massage, increase movement, syringe feeding, fluid replacement
- buprenorphine, butorphanol, carprofen, ketoprofen, meloxicam, flunixin meglumin
prognosis of gastrointestinal stasis
always guarded until the GI tract is moving again, underlying triggering problems resolved
differentials of gastrointestinal stasis
GD/V, obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract, pain due to any cause, septicaemia, enlargement of the abdomen
predisposition of urianry stones
calcium carbonate
cause of urinary stones
fluid intake, pH of urine, urinary retention, cystitis, dehydration, reduced activity, poor hygienic condition, diet rich in calcium or oxalates
signs of urinary stones
- inability to urinate (urethra) – emergency
- bloody and painful urination (bladder)
- oliguria, polyuria, anuria (kidneys
- pain, lethargy, anorexia
diagnosis of urinary stones
history, X-ray, US (if prostate is enlarged, suspect adrenal disease), urinalysis (normal ferret urine pH 5-6), blood tests (inflammatory leukogram, azotaemia, hyperP, metabolic acidosis, hyperCa), kidney profile
treatment of urinary stones
most need surgical intervention (complete obstruction), post op procedure: fluid therapy, NSAID, ATB, supportive therapy (Vit C, therapy for gastrostasis)
prognosis of urinary stones
good when diagnosed and treated promptly
consequence of urinary stones
renal failure
predispoisiotn of pneumonia
all age, both sexes
cause of pneumonia
pasteruella multocida (rabbit), Bordetella bronchiseptica (guinea pig), mycoplasma acute and chronic form in rats, poor husbandry, poor nutrition, close contact with other animals
signs of pneumonia
difficult breathing, breathing through the mouth, cyanosis, loss of appetite and gastrostasis, nasal/eye discharge, lethargy
diagnosis of pneumonia
history, symptoms, X-ray, isolation of pathogen (swab, tracheal lavage), microbiological analysis with antibiogram
treatment of pneumoni
ATB treatment (enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, trimethoprim sulpha, combination of enrofloxacin and doxycycline), nebulisation with mucolytic agents (bromhexine), oxygen, gastrostasis drugs,
prognosis of pneumonia
guarded in younger/geriatric, guarded to grave with chronic/widespread infection/lung pathology
predisposition of vestibular syndrome
rabbit and rats
cause of vestibular syndrome
Central (E.cuniculi, pasterella), inflammation of middle/inner ear from trauma, polyps/tumour
signs of vestibular syndrome
loss of balance, head tilt, rolling, nystagmus, ventrolateral strabismus, state of consciousness, tremor, hemiparesis/postural deficit, pareza n. trigeminal and facial
diagnosis of vestibular syndrome
history, symptoms, neurological localisation, X-ray, isolation of pathogen, blood test, MRI
treatment of vestibular syndrome
ATB< antiparasitic (fenbendazole), supportive care, drugs for gastrostasis, meclizine
predisposition of insulinoma
middle to old age, both sexes, genetic: America, Japan (often), england, Netherlands (sporadically)
cause of insulinoma
nutrition – increased carbs, increased insulin, raw meat, mostly unknown
signs of insulinoma
constant hypoglycaemia, weakness, lethargy, ataxia, weight loss, salivation, nausea, stupor, seizure, convulsion, prolonged starvation, liver disease, neoplasia, sepsis, heat stroke, hypoadrenocorticism
diagnosis of insulinoma
hypoglycaemia, neurological symptoms, imaging diagnostics and US abdominal, blood test (low glucose values), measurement of serum insulin concentration
treatment of insulinoma
- surgical treatment = diagnostic laparotomy
- preoperative fasting no longer than 3-4 hours, continuous glucose monitoring during surgery
- postop = transient hyperglycaemia, rarely requires insulin
- corticosteroids, diazodie (proglycem) = insulin blocker
- hypoglycaemic crisis: IV catheter, slow glucose bolus (50%), CRI NaCl (2.5-5% glucose), diazepam (0.5-1.5mg/kg/h XRI)
prognosis of insulinoma
cannot be cured but can be controlled, it’s better than in dogs
predisposition of lymphoma
younger ferrets are more prone to more aggressive lymphoblastic form, whereas oleder develop more slowly progressive small cell form
cause of lymphoma
mostly spontaneously; sometimes infectious agents/ chronic inflammatory disease
forms of lymphoma
Juvenile lymphoma
- Acute development and course
- Lymphocytosis
- Multicentric
Adult lymphoma
Slower development and course
Young ferrets = visceral lymphoma syndrome
Lymphoblastic lymphoma = infiltration of the liver, spleen by large blastic lymphocytes
signs of lymphoma
Lymphadenopathy, respiratory symptoms, lethargy, diarrhoea, anorexia, loss of appetite, weakens, ophthalmic changes, dermatologic changes, 24 % = asymptomatic
diagnosis of lymphoma
clinical exam, imaging diagnostics and US, FNA
- blood test: increased (total proteins, globulins), decreased (albumin), mild to moderate anaemia
treatment of lymphoma
chemotherapy protocols, palliative therapy (corticosteroids in high dose), whole blood transfusion
prognosis of lymphoma
guarded to poor
differentials of lymphoma
splenomegaly lots
predisposition of cardiomyopathies
most often In middle-aged, male geriatric ferrets more often affected
- DCM progresses slowly
- HCM – manifested as sudden death (LV hypertrophy)
cause of DCM
genetic factor, immunological factor, inflammatory response
signs of DCM
general weakness, difficulty breathing, weight loss, pleural effusion, ascites, poor capillary filling, thrombosis, hypothermia, cyanosis, weak pulse on the femoral artery, no cough, systolic murmur, tachycardia, bradycardia
diagnosis of DCM
history, symptoms, imaging (enlarged heart silhouette, effusion, enlarged liver and/or spleen) echo, ECG arrhythmia, AV block
treatment of DCM
taurine, furesmide, enalapril, pimobendane, effusion, oxygen
prognosis of DCM
guarded to poor if presented with symptomatic cardiac disease; guarded with congenital defects
ferret adrenal disease complex
- Hyperplasia, adenoma, adenocarcinoma – locally aggressive, rarely metastasise
- Pheochromocytoma – rarely, locally aggressive, metastasise
predisposition of ferret adrenal disease complex
neutered ferrets, 3-4 years, male only
pathogenesis of ferret adrenal disease
neutering leads to an increase in LH and FSH stimulates adrenal cortex releasing GnRH adrenal cortex hyperplasia can progress to adenoma/adenocarcinoma
cause of ferret adrenal disease
gonadectomy, photoperiod, genetic and oncogenic factor
signs of ferret adrenal disease
alopecia, vulva swelling, vaginitis, itching, intense scent, thin/transparent skin, behaviour change, dysuria/stranguria, loss of appetite, lethargy, PUPD, weight loss, anaemia
diagnosis of ferret adrenal disease
history, symptoms, blood test, sex hormone precursor, urine analysis, X-ray + US, ferrets adrenal hormone blood profile
treatment of ferret adrenal disease
surgical treatment (adrenalectomy), medical (desloreline acetate, melatonin implant)
prognosis of ferret adrenal didsease
good to guarded
differentials of ferret adrenal disease
paraprostatic cysts and prostatic abscess
