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Rodents Flashcards

1
Q

cause of malocclusion of rodents

A

congenital, diet, trauma inflammation

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2
Q

signs of malocclusion of rodetns

A

increased salivation, bruxism, reduced feed intake, reduced/absence defecation, lethargy, anorexia, irregular jaw and tongue movements

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3
Q

diagnosis of malocclusion of rodents

A

hiistory, clinical exam (otoscope), X-ray of head and abdomen, CT

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4
Q

treatment of malocclusion of rodents

A

tooth correction, treatment for gastrostasis

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5
Q

cause of gastrointestinal stasis

A

nutrition, malocclusion, systemic disease, moulting, lack of exercise, dehydration
- decreased fibres  hypomotility  change in pH f the caecum

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6
Q

pathogenesis of gastrointestinal stasis

A

Absence of food intake  energy deficit  mobilisation of free fatty acids from adipose tissue  fatty liver infiltration  ketoacidosis/hepatic lipidosis  last stage

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7
Q

signs of gastrointestinal stasis

A

Early stage
Reduced appetite, reduced/loss of faecal production, depression, reduced amount of food in the stomach, x-ray gas + large amount of faeces in the rectum, hyp(er)(o)normoglycaemia

Intermediate stage (24-48h)
- Reduced/loss of appetite, absence of faecal production, hard + small stomach (palpation), X-ray – increased amount of gas, normoglycaemia, depression + dehydration

Terminal stage:
- Large amount of gas in the caecum/colon, lack of appetite and defecation, weight loss, depression, ataxia, lipemia, kidney, liver damage, ketoacidosis
Other symptoms:Increased salivation (teeth), bruxism (pain)

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8
Q

diagnosis of gastrointestinal stasis

A

history, symptoms, X-ray, blood tests, dehydration (PCV), Liver (AST, lipemia, glucose), kidney (urea, creatinine, potassium, phosphorus)

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9
Q

treatment of gastrointestinal stasis

A
  • prokinetics/ gastric protection
  • ATB (enrofloxacine, trimetoprime sulpha)
  • probiotics + vitamin B complex
  • abdominal massage, increase movement, syringe feeding, fluid replacement
  • buprenorphine, butorphanol, carprofen, ketoprofen, meloxicam, flunixin meglumin
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10
Q

prognosis of gastrointestinal stasis

A

always guarded until the GI tract is moving again, underlying triggering problems resolved

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11
Q

differentials of gastrointestinal stasis

A

GD/V, obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract, pain due to any cause, septicaemia, enlargement of the abdomen

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12
Q

predisposition of urianry stones

A

calcium carbonate

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13
Q

cause of urinary stones

A

fluid intake, pH of urine, urinary retention, cystitis, dehydration, reduced activity, poor hygienic condition, diet rich in calcium or oxalates

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14
Q

signs of urinary stones

A
  • inability to urinate (urethra) – emergency
  • bloody and painful urination (bladder)
  • oliguria, polyuria, anuria (kidneys
  • pain, lethargy, anorexia
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15
Q

diagnosis of urinary stones

A

history, X-ray, US (if prostate is enlarged, suspect adrenal disease), urinalysis (normal ferret urine pH 5-6), blood tests (inflammatory leukogram, azotaemia, hyperP, metabolic acidosis, hyperCa), kidney profile

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16
Q

treatment of urinary stones

A

most need surgical intervention (complete obstruction), post op procedure: fluid therapy, NSAID, ATB, supportive therapy (Vit C, therapy for gastrostasis)

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17
Q

prognosis of urinary stones

A

good when diagnosed and treated promptly

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18
Q

consequence of urinary stones

A

renal failure

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19
Q

predispoisiotn of pneumonia

A

all age, both sexes

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20
Q

cause of pneumonia

A

pasteruella multocida (rabbit), Bordetella bronchiseptica (guinea pig), mycoplasma  acute and chronic form in rats, poor husbandry, poor nutrition, close contact with other animals

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21
Q

signs of pneumonia

A

difficult breathing, breathing through the mouth, cyanosis, loss of appetite and gastrostasis, nasal/eye discharge, lethargy

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22
Q

diagnosis of pneumonia

A

history, symptoms, X-ray, isolation of pathogen (swab, tracheal lavage), microbiological analysis with antibiogram

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23
Q

treatment of pneumoni

A

ATB treatment (enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, trimethoprim sulpha, combination of enrofloxacin and doxycycline), nebulisation with mucolytic agents (bromhexine), oxygen, gastrostasis drugs,

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24
Q

prognosis of pneumonia

A

guarded in younger/geriatric, guarded to grave with chronic/widespread infection/lung pathology

25
predisposition of vestibular syndrome
rabbit and rats
26
cause of vestibular syndrome
Central (E.cuniculi, pasterella), inflammation of middle/inner ear from trauma, polyps/tumour
27
signs of vestibular syndrome
loss of balance, head tilt, rolling, nystagmus, ventrolateral strabismus, state of consciousness, tremor, hemiparesis/postural deficit, pareza n. trigeminal and facial
28
diagnosis of vestibular syndrome
history, symptoms, neurological localisation, X-ray, isolation of pathogen, blood test, MRI
29
treatment of vestibular syndrome
ATB< antiparasitic (fenbendazole), supportive care, drugs for gastrostasis, meclizine
30
predisposition of insulinoma
middle to old age, both sexes, genetic: America, Japan (often), england, Netherlands (sporadically)
31
cause of insulinoma
nutrition – increased carbs, increased insulin, raw meat, mostly unknown
32
signs of insulinoma
constant hypoglycaemia, weakness, lethargy, ataxia, weight loss, salivation, nausea, stupor, seizure, convulsion, prolonged starvation, liver disease, neoplasia, sepsis, heat stroke, hypoadrenocorticism
33
diagnosis of insulinoma
hypoglycaemia, neurological symptoms, imaging diagnostics and US abdominal, blood test (low glucose values), measurement of serum insulin concentration
34
treatment of insulinoma
- surgical treatment = diagnostic laparotomy - preoperative fasting no longer than 3-4 hours, continuous glucose monitoring during surgery - postop = transient hyperglycaemia, rarely requires insulin - corticosteroids, diazodie (proglycem) = insulin blocker - hypoglycaemic crisis: IV catheter, slow glucose bolus (50%), CRI NaCl (2.5-5% glucose), diazepam (0.5-1.5mg/kg/h XRI)
35
prognosis of insulinoma
cannot be cured but can be controlled, it’s better than in dogs
36
predisposition of lymphoma
younger ferrets are more prone to more aggressive lymphoblastic form, whereas oleder develop more slowly progressive small cell form
37
cause of lymphoma
mostly spontaneously; sometimes infectious agents/ chronic inflammatory disease
38
forms of lymphoma
Juvenile lymphoma - Acute development and course - Lymphocytosis - Multicentric Adult lymphoma Slower development and course Young ferrets = visceral lymphoma syndrome Lymphoblastic lymphoma = infiltration of the liver, spleen by large blastic lymphocytes
39
signs of lymphoma
Lymphadenopathy, respiratory symptoms, lethargy, diarrhoea, anorexia, loss of appetite, weakens, ophthalmic changes, dermatologic changes, 24 % = asymptomatic
40
diagnosis of lymphoma
clinical exam, imaging diagnostics and US, FNA - blood test: increased (total proteins, globulins), decreased (albumin), mild to moderate anaemia
41
treatment of lymphoma
chemotherapy protocols, palliative therapy (corticosteroids in high dose), whole blood transfusion
42
prognosis of lymphoma
guarded to poor
43
differentials of lymphoma
splenomegaly lots
44
predisposition of cardiomyopathies
most often In middle-aged, male geriatric ferrets more often affected - DCM progresses slowly - HCM – manifested as sudden death (LV hypertrophy)
45
cause of DCM
genetic factor, immunological factor, inflammatory response
46
signs of DCM
general weakness, difficulty breathing, weight loss, pleural effusion, ascites, poor capillary filling, thrombosis, hypothermia, cyanosis, weak pulse on the femoral artery, no cough, systolic murmur, tachycardia, bradycardia
47
diagnosis of DCM
history, symptoms, imaging (enlarged heart silhouette, effusion, enlarged liver and/or spleen) echo, ECG  arrhythmia, AV block
48
treatment of DCM
taurine, furesmide, enalapril, pimobendane, effusion, oxygen
49
prognosis of DCM
guarded to poor if presented with symptomatic cardiac disease; guarded with congenital defects
50
ferret adrenal disease complex
- Hyperplasia, adenoma, adenocarcinoma – locally aggressive, rarely metastasise - Pheochromocytoma – rarely, locally aggressive, metastasise
51
predisposition of ferret adrenal disease complex
neutered ferrets, 3-4 years, male only
52
pathogenesis of ferret adrenal disease
neutering leads to an increase in LH and FSH  stimulates adrenal cortex releasing GnRH  adrenal cortex hyperplasia  can progress to adenoma/adenocarcinoma
53
cause of ferret adrenal disease
gonadectomy, photoperiod, genetic and oncogenic factor
54
signs of ferret adrenal disease
alopecia, vulva swelling, vaginitis, itching, intense scent, thin/transparent skin, behaviour change, dysuria/stranguria, loss of appetite, lethargy, PUPD, weight loss, anaemia
55
diagnosis of ferret adrenal disease
history, symptoms, blood test, sex hormone precursor, urine analysis, X-ray + US, ferrets adrenal hormone blood profile
56
treatment of ferret adrenal disease
surgical treatment (adrenalectomy), medical (desloreline acetate, melatonin implant)
57
prognosis of ferret adrenal didsease
good to guarded
58
differentials of ferret adrenal disease
paraprostatic cysts and prostatic abscess

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