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Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

predisposition of eosinophilic granuloma complex

A

middle aged cats

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2
Q

cause of Eosinophilic granuloma complex

A

hypersensitivity/allergies

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3
Q

types of Eosinophilic granuloma complex

A

eosinophilic ulcer/indolent ulcer
- lips affects
eosinophilic plaque
- 2- 6 years
- ectoparasites or allergies as underlying cause
- flank, tail, hindlegs
eosinophilic granuloma
- <2-3 years
- linear plaque on hind limb
- Crustous lesion, interdigital region or face and in the mouth

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4
Q

signs of Eosinophilic granuloma complex

A

most common on lips, itchy, frequently licking/biting areas

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5
Q

diagnosis of Eosinophilic granuloma complex

A

cytology, biopsy and rule out other diseases from differential diagnosis’
- ulcerated mass may be found at base of tongue/on hard palate, glossopalatine arches or anywhere else in the mouth
- deep biopsy specimen of the mass

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6
Q

treatment of Eosinophilic granuloma complex

A
  • work on primary disease (flea and tick treatment)
  • supportive therapy: steroids, antihistamines, (high dose) corticosteroids
  • systemic antibiotics directed against staph (amoxicillin) for treating indolent ulcers
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7
Q

prognosis of Eosinophilic granuloma complex

A

good, but lesions can recur

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8
Q

military dermatitis

A

pruritic papuocrustous dermatitis

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9
Q

milary dermatitis predisposition

A

cats

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10
Q

cause of military dermatitis

A

flea allergy, other allergies and ectoparasites

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11
Q

signs of military dermatitis

A

Symptoms: pruritic lesions (can be ulcerative)
Signs: papules and crusts on dorsal part of back and neck

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12
Q

diagnosis of military dermatitis

A

mostly on history, if see flea or tick bites or hasn’t received flea prevention, wood’s lamp

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13
Q

treatment of military dermatitis

A

: primary cause and supportive therapy
- topical treatments for parasitic infection
- hypoallergenic food is suspected food allergy
- anti-inflammatory drugs (corticosteroids), antihistamines, cyclosporine

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14
Q

ulcerative dermatitis predisposition

A

very specific for cats

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15
Q

cause of ulcerative dermatitis

A
  • bacterial secondary infection
  • Otodectes infestation
  • food allergies or other allergies
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16
Q

signs of ulcerative dermatitis

A

solitary ulcer on the dorsal neck

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17
Q

diagnosis of ulcerative dermatitis

A

rule out other causes and skin biopsy

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18
Q

treatment of ulcerative dermatitis

A

excision or high dose glucocorticoids (methylprednisolone), silver sulfadiazine (antiseptic), ciclosporin

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19
Q

predisposition of extensive alopecia

A

cats

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20
Q

cause of extensive alopecia

A

flea allergy, dermatophytosis, ectoparasites, behaviour problem, self-trauma due to pruritis

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21
Q

signs of extensive alopecia

A

: intensively licking abdominal skin
Signs: hind legs and abdomen, hair loss, poor diet, hair in faeces/vomit

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22
Q

diagnosis of extensive alopecia

A

microscopy (trichogram), wood’s lamp, microbiology, CBC and biochemistry

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23
Q

feline acne

A

Common idiopathic dermatosis of follicular keratinisation

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24
Q

predisposition of feline acne

A

cats, all ages, breeds and gender

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25
Q

cause of feline acne

A

poor grooming associated with obesity, mouth and teeth disease
- underlying seborrheic predisposition, abnormal sebum production
- hair cycle influence, stress, immunosuppression

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26
Q

signs of feline acne

A

papules, pustules, chin usual site, cellulitis, cysts, scarring, hypertrichosis, facial swelling

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27
Q

diagnosis of feline acne

A

examination and histopathology, skin biopsy, bacteriology, mycology

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28
Q

treatment of feline acne

A
  • antibacterial shampoos (ethyl lactate)
  • topical 2.5% benzoyl peroxide
  • fusidic acid
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29
Q

prognosis of feline acne

A

can be cured but many require long-term treatment for recurrent disease

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30
Q

differentials of feline acen

A

neoplasia, trauma, eosinophilic granuloma complex

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31
Q

predisposition of dermatophytosis

A

<1 year, persian, Himalayan, terrier

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32
Q

cause of dermatophytosis

A

infection with Microsporum canis, trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum

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33
Q

signs of dermatophytosis

A

localised skin lesions, nail bed infections, alopecia, miliary dermatitis, crusts

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34
Q

diagnosis of dermatophytosis

A

trichography/skin scarping, PCR, wood’s lamp (produce apple green fluorescence)

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35
Q

treatment of dermatophytosis

A

antifungal agents, application of chlorhexidine, enilconazole (dogs not cats), lime sulphur dips, itraconazole (cats),

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36
Q

prognosis of dermatophytosis

A

immunocompromised individuals is guarded, otherwise good

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37
Q

differential of dermatophytosis

A

flea bite hypersensitivity, eosinophilic granuloma, mange, staph, neoplasia

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38
Q

prediposositon of actinic keratosis

A

cats and dogs (dalmatians, beagles, bassets, bulls)

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39
Q

cause of actinic keratosis

A

excess sun exposure

40
Q

signs of actinic keratosis

A

red scaly areas of roughened skin in regional plaques or focal spots, pruritus, pain

41
Q

diagnosis of actinic keratosis

A

skin bipsy

42
Q

treatment of actinic keratosis

A

surgical excision, topical treatment (Imiquimod), glucocorticoids, cryosurgery

43
Q

predisposition of phemhigus complex

A

dog, cat, horse and goat

44
Q

cause of phemphigus conpkex

A

autoimmune skin disease (rare)

45
Q

types of pemphigus compex

A
  1. pemphigus foliaceus
  2. Pemphigus vulagaris
  3. pemphigus erythematosus
  4. panepidermal pustural pemphigus
  5. paraneoplasic pemphigus
46
Q

signs of pemphigus complex

A

vesicles and bullae in mouth and at mucocutaneous junctions, common areas: eyelids, lips, nostrils and anus

47
Q

pemphigus complex

A

when the bound (desmosomes) are destroyed = pemphigus foliaceous

48
Q

predisposition of pemphigus foliaceous

A

middle to older age dogs, any breed, collies, chow chow, dachshund, etc

49
Q

cause of pemphigus foliaceous

A

caried and unknown otherwise against desmogelin 1

50
Q

forms of pemphigus foliaceous

A
  • classical form: distribution is facial and/or pedal and usually bilateral symmetry
  • generalised form: additionally affects thorax, neck, abdomen and legs
  • subcorneal pustules
51
Q

signs of pemphigus foliaceous

A

small to large, irregular and coalescing erythematous macules that progress rapidly to pustules, erosions and crusts

52
Q

diagnosis of pemphigus foliaceous

A
  • immunological tests
    Cytology
  • aspiration, smear, swab
  • acantholytic keratinocytes, no bacteria
  • lack of response to antibacterial therapy
  • bacterial culture and sensitivity (negative)
  • skin biopsies for histopathology
53
Q

treatment of pemphigus folicaeous

A
  • reduce UV. light exposure
  • oral glucocorticoids: prednisolone 1-2mg/kg 2x daily
  • if no response, combination immunosuppression: prednisolone, azathioprine 2mg/kg 1x daily or cyclosporine 5mg/kg 1x daily
54
Q

predisposition of feline pepmhigus folicaeous

A

feline (similar to dog) most common type, middle aged cats, DSH

55
Q

signs of Feline pemphigus foliaceus

A

localisation: head, pinnae, footpads or ungual folds of claws, around mammary complex, exfoliative dermatitis, often pruritic, head shaking, anorexia, lethargy

56
Q

diagnosis of Feline pemphigus foliaceus

A

biopsy and histopathology/immunofluorescence, neutrophilia with left shift is common

57
Q

treatment of Feline pemphigus foliaceus

A
  • oral glucocorticoids: prednisolone/ dexamethasone
  • combination immunosuppression: prednisolone, cyclosporine or chlorambucil
58
Q

predisposition of Mucous membrane pemphigoid

A

dogs older than 5 years old, GSD

59
Q

cause of Mucous membrane pemphigoid

A

(rare) subepidermal autoimmune disease collagen 17

60
Q

signs of
Mucous membrane pemphigoid

A

Signs: erythema, vesicles, hypopigmentation, erosion, ulcers
Localisation: oral cavity, around nose, ears, preputial region, periocular

61
Q

diagnosis of Mucous membrane pemphigoid

A

history, clinical signs, skin biopsy, immunofluoresence

62
Q

treatment of Mucous membrane pemphigoid

A

steroids or immunosuppression

63
Q

predisposition of DLE

A

bored collies, GSD, Shetland, siberian husky

64
Q

cause of DLE

A

auto immune

65
Q

signs of DLE

A

erythema and scaling, nasal depigmentation

66
Q

history of DLE

A

history, clinical signs, histopathology, ANA = negative

67
Q

treatment of DLE

A
  • avoid sun exposure
  • topical therapy: 0.1% tacrolimus, steroids in spray, ointment
  • oral therapy: prednisolone (1-2mg/kg daily), tetracisline and ninacinamid
68
Q

Uveodermatologic syndrome predisposition

A

akitas and Nordic breeds, young adult dogs, mean 3 years

69
Q

uveodermatologic casue

A

autoimmune

70
Q

signs of uveodermatologic

A
  • acute bilateral uveitis and losing pigment with skin inflammation, choriorenitis, poliosis, vitilgo
  • losing pigment on nose, lips, skin on mucocutaneous junction
71
Q

diagnosis of uveodermatologic

A

history, clinical signs, histopathology

72
Q

treatment of uveodermatologic

A

prednisolone, azathiorpin, cyclosporin, long course therapy

73
Q

prognosis of uveodermatologic

A

guarded

74
Q

predispositionn of vitiligo

A

uncommon skin disease, rottweilers, dachshunds, golden retrievers, GSD, Doberman etc, starts at young age

75
Q

cause of vitiligo

A

melanocytes are destroyed or die off

76
Q

types of vitilog

A

focal (only one area, in dogs it’s the nose), generalised (multiple white patches)

77
Q

signs of vitilgo

A

depigmentation, hair turns white, is painless, around nose others might start (lips and around eye)

78
Q

diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of vitiligo

A

Diagnosis: CBC, skin scraping, microscopy, melanocytes
Treatment: no treatment
Prognosis: painless – it’s fine

79
Q

alopecia areta

A

Predisposition: dachshund, chihuahuas, standard poodles, bernes mountain dogs
Cause: rare autoimmune disease
Signs: non inflamed alopecia, FOCAL AREAS of hair less, seen on head and neck
Diagnosis: CBC, physical exam
Treatment: Based upon underlying reason, keep moisturised
Prognosis: can’t be cured/treated but doesn’t affect dogs life

80
Q

sebaceous adenitis

A

Predisposition: young adult- middle ages (1-5yr), akita, samoyed, standard poodle, vizslas
Causes: inflammation of and around the sebaceous glands leading to loss of these structures
Signs: similar to vitiligo, on sebaceous glands, dry skin, scaling and hair loss, bacterial folliculitis, pruritus
Diagnosis: histopathology, microscopy
Treatment: shampoos, sprays, immunomodulatory therapy and antibacterial (cycylocsporine)
Prognosis: guarded but variable

81
Q

predisposition of pyoderma

A

GSD

82
Q

cause of pyodewrma

A

local traumatisation, immunological deficit (allergy, autoimmune), hormonal disbalance, malnutrition, idiopathic

83
Q

signs of pyoderma

A

papules, pustules, furuncles, discharging sinuses; bacterial infection of dermal and subcuticular tissues

84
Q

diagnosis of pyoderma

A

medical history, clinical signs, cytology, antibiogram, histopath, haematology, bacteriology
cytology
- if it’s pyoderma you must see activated neutrophil, if you can see only bacteria you cannot say it’s pyoderma

85
Q

treatment of pyoderma

A

topical therapy
- ointment cream, gel: fucidic acid, mupirocin, benzoyl peroxide
- shampoo: chlorhexidine 2-3%, benzoyl peroxide 2-3%, etyl lactate (no contact dermatitis), povidone-iodine
1st line antibiotics:
- .s pseudointermedius
cephalexin
- 15-30mg/kg BID
- broad spectrum
- excellent G+

86
Q

canine aural hematoma

A

Is blood lying between the cartilaginous structure and skin of the pinna or within fractured aural cartilage
Cause: secondary to head shaking or scratching at the ear both secondary to ear infection, injury or disease
Signs: vary from small, fluctuant swellings on either surface of the pinna to extremely large tense structures distorting the whole ear
Diagnosis: history, signs, cytopathology (FNA), x-ray of skull
Treatment: drainage, usually surgical, and by correction of underlying problems
Prognosis: fine, but neglected cases can look like a cauliflower eat, but it’s a cosmetic concern

87
Q

proliferative and necrotising feline otitis externa

A

Predisposition: young cats, <1 year
Cause: unknown (possibly immune-mediated aetiology)
Signs: lesions are bilaterally symmetrical, large tan – dark brown/black coalescing plaques over the concave aspect of the pinnae and extending into the vertical ear canals, head shaking, marked pruritus, pain , depression and anorexia
Diagnosis: histopathology
Treatment: topical tacrolimus, topical betamethasone, topical hydrocortisone
Prognosis: good, spontaneous resolution occurs in most cases

88
Q

predisposition of otitis externa

A

affects 4-20% of dogs, cockers, retrievers, terriers, GSD

89
Q

cause of otitis externa

A

numerous
- primary causes: allergies, autoimmune diseases, endocrine disorders, foreign bodies, parasites..
- secondary: bacteria, yeast
- perpetuating: chronic changes within the ear canal, tympanic abnormality
- predisposing: conformation, moisture in ear canal, obstruction

90
Q

signs of otitis externa

A

pruritus, scratching, head shaking, aural discharge, malodour and pain

91
Q

diagnosis of otitis externa

A

clinical signs, examination and cytology, otoscopy, microscopy, bacteriology
Otoscope
- sedation is offered required in dogs with painful and swollen ear canals or if needs cleaning to visualise the ear drum

92
Q

treatment of otitis externa

A

topical therapy (ear cleaner and ear drops), systemic therapy, surgery, pain relief (NSAIDs), treat underlying cause

93
Q

dermodex

A

Cause: parasitic mites: demodex gatoi + catis (cat), canis or injal (dogs)
Signs: hair loss, skin inflammation, crusting, pruritus
Diagnosis: skin scrape, acetate tape preparation
Treatment: topical treatments (lime sulfur dips), ivermectin
Prognosis: successfully treated

94
Q

atopic dermatitis

A

Predisposition: DSH, Abyssinian and devon rex
Cause: skin disease due to an allergic reaction to environmental allergens
Signs: variable including symmetrical alopecia, miliary dermatitis, eosinophilic plaques and pruritus of head and neck
Diagnosis: elimination of other causes of pruritus, history and clinical signs, allergy testing
Treatment: prednisolone, parenteral glucocortoids, dex
Prognosis: control likely but life-long treatment required

95
Q

otodectes mange

A

Predisposition: young
Cause: Otodectes cynotis
Signs: initiate otitis externa but remain undetected, head shaking, pain on palpation, malodour, erythema and swelling
Diagnosis: identification of mites
Treatment: ear canal cleansing, otic ectoparasiticides, selamectin, firponil
Prognosis: excellent

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