Dermatology Flashcards
1
Q
predisposition of eosinophilic granuloma complex
A
middle aged cats
2
Q
cause of Eosinophilic granuloma complex
A
hypersensitivity/allergies
3
Q
types of Eosinophilic granuloma complex
A
eosinophilic ulcer/indolent ulcer
- lips affects
eosinophilic plaque
- 2- 6 years
- ectoparasites or allergies as underlying cause
- flank, tail, hindlegs
eosinophilic granuloma
- <2-3 years
- linear plaque on hind limb
- Crustous lesion, interdigital region or face and in the mouth
4
Q
signs of Eosinophilic granuloma complex
A
most common on lips, itchy, frequently licking/biting areas
5
Q
diagnosis of Eosinophilic granuloma complex
A
cytology, biopsy and rule out other diseases from differential diagnosis’
- ulcerated mass may be found at base of tongue/on hard palate, glossopalatine arches or anywhere else in the mouth
- deep biopsy specimen of the mass
6
Q
treatment of Eosinophilic granuloma complex
A
- work on primary disease (flea and tick treatment)
- supportive therapy: steroids, antihistamines, (high dose) corticosteroids
- systemic antibiotics directed against staph (amoxicillin) for treating indolent ulcers
7
Q
prognosis of Eosinophilic granuloma complex
A
good, but lesions can recur
8
Q
military dermatitis
A
pruritic papuocrustous dermatitis
9
Q
milary dermatitis predisposition
A
cats
10
Q
cause of military dermatitis
A
flea allergy, other allergies and ectoparasites
11
Q
signs of military dermatitis
A
Symptoms: pruritic lesions (can be ulcerative)
Signs: papules and crusts on dorsal part of back and neck
12
Q
diagnosis of military dermatitis
A
mostly on history, if see flea or tick bites or hasn’t received flea prevention, wood’s lamp
13
Q
treatment of military dermatitis
A
: primary cause and supportive therapy
- topical treatments for parasitic infection
- hypoallergenic food is suspected food allergy
- anti-inflammatory drugs (corticosteroids), antihistamines, cyclosporine
14
Q
ulcerative dermatitis predisposition
A
very specific for cats
15
Q
cause of ulcerative dermatitis
A
- bacterial secondary infection
- Otodectes infestation
- food allergies or other allergies
16
Q
signs of ulcerative dermatitis
A
solitary ulcer on the dorsal neck
17
Q
diagnosis of ulcerative dermatitis
A
rule out other causes and skin biopsy
18
Q
treatment of ulcerative dermatitis
A
excision or high dose glucocorticoids (methylprednisolone), silver sulfadiazine (antiseptic), ciclosporin
19
Q
predisposition of extensive alopecia
A
cats
20
Q
cause of extensive alopecia
A
flea allergy, dermatophytosis, ectoparasites, behaviour problem, self-trauma due to pruritis
21
Q
signs of extensive alopecia
A
: intensively licking abdominal skin
Signs: hind legs and abdomen, hair loss, poor diet, hair in faeces/vomit
22
Q
diagnosis of extensive alopecia
A
microscopy (trichogram), wood’s lamp, microbiology, CBC and biochemistry
23
Q
feline acne
A
Common idiopathic dermatosis of follicular keratinisation
24
Q
predisposition of feline acne
A
cats, all ages, breeds and gender
25
cause of feline acne
poor grooming associated with obesity, mouth and teeth disease
- underlying seborrheic predisposition, abnormal sebum production
- hair cycle influence, stress, immunosuppression
26
signs of feline acne
papules, pustules, chin usual site, cellulitis, cysts, scarring, hypertrichosis, facial swelling
27
diagnosis of feline acne
examination and histopathology, skin biopsy, bacteriology, mycology
28
treatment of feline acne
- antibacterial shampoos (ethyl lactate)
- topical 2.5% benzoyl peroxide
- fusidic acid
29
prognosis of feline acne
can be cured but many require long-term treatment for recurrent disease
30
differentials of feline acen
neoplasia, trauma, eosinophilic granuloma complex
31
predisposition of dermatophytosis
<1 year, persian, Himalayan, terrier
32
cause of dermatophytosis
infection with Microsporum canis, trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum
33
signs of dermatophytosis
localised skin lesions, nail bed infections, alopecia, miliary dermatitis, crusts
34
diagnosis of dermatophytosis
trichography/skin scarping, PCR, wood’s lamp (produce apple green fluorescence)
35
treatment of dermatophytosis
antifungal agents, application of chlorhexidine, enilconazole (dogs not cats), lime sulphur dips, itraconazole (cats),
36
prognosis of dermatophytosis
immunocompromised individuals is guarded, otherwise good
37
differential of dermatophytosis
flea bite hypersensitivity, eosinophilic granuloma, mange, staph, neoplasia
38
prediposositon of actinic keratosis
cats and dogs (dalmatians, beagles, bassets, bulls)
39
cause of actinic keratosis
excess sun exposure
40
signs of actinic keratosis
red scaly areas of roughened skin in regional plaques or focal spots, pruritus, pain
41
diagnosis of actinic keratosis
skin bipsy
42
treatment of actinic keratosis
surgical excision, topical treatment (Imiquimod), glucocorticoids, cryosurgery
43
predisposition of phemhigus complex
dog, cat, horse and goat
44
cause of phemphigus conpkex
autoimmune skin disease (rare)
45
types of pemphigus compex
1. pemphigus foliaceus
2. Pemphigus vulagaris
3. pemphigus erythematosus
4. panepidermal pustural pemphigus
5. paraneoplasic pemphigus
46
signs of pemphigus complex
vesicles and bullae in mouth and at mucocutaneous junctions, common areas: eyelids, lips, nostrils and anus
47
pemphigus complex
when the bound (desmosomes) are destroyed = pemphigus foliaceous
48
predisposition of pemphigus foliaceous
middle to older age dogs, any breed, collies, chow chow, dachshund, etc
49
cause of pemphigus foliaceous
caried and unknown otherwise against desmogelin 1
50
forms of pemphigus foliaceous
- classical form: distribution is facial and/or pedal and usually bilateral symmetry
- generalised form: additionally affects thorax, neck, abdomen and legs
- subcorneal pustules
51
signs of pemphigus foliaceous
small to large, irregular and coalescing erythematous macules that progress rapidly to pustules, erosions and crusts
52
diagnosis of pemphigus foliaceous
- immunological tests
Cytology
- aspiration, smear, swab
- acantholytic keratinocytes, no bacteria
- lack of response to antibacterial therapy
- bacterial culture and sensitivity (negative)
- skin biopsies for histopathology
53
treatment of pemphigus folicaeous
- reduce UV. light exposure
- oral glucocorticoids: prednisolone 1-2mg/kg 2x daily
- if no response, combination immunosuppression: prednisolone, azathioprine 2mg/kg 1x daily or cyclosporine 5mg/kg 1x daily
54
predisposition of feline pepmhigus folicaeous
feline (similar to dog) most common type, middle aged cats, DSH
55
signs of Feline pemphigus foliaceus
localisation: head, pinnae, footpads or ungual folds of claws, around mammary complex, exfoliative dermatitis, often pruritic, head shaking, anorexia, lethargy
56
diagnosis of Feline pemphigus foliaceus
biopsy and histopathology/immunofluorescence, neutrophilia with left shift is common
57
treatment of Feline pemphigus foliaceus
- oral glucocorticoids: prednisolone/ dexamethasone
- combination immunosuppression: prednisolone, cyclosporine or chlorambucil
58
predisposition of Mucous membrane pemphigoid
dogs older than 5 years old, GSD
59
cause of Mucous membrane pemphigoid
(rare) subepidermal autoimmune disease collagen 17
60
signs of
Mucous membrane pemphigoid
Signs: erythema, vesicles, hypopigmentation, erosion, ulcers
Localisation: oral cavity, around nose, ears, preputial region, periocular
61
diagnosis of Mucous membrane pemphigoid
history, clinical signs, skin biopsy, immunofluoresence
62
treatment of Mucous membrane pemphigoid
steroids or immunosuppression
63
predisposition of DLE
bored collies, GSD, Shetland, siberian husky
64
cause of DLE
auto immune
65
signs of DLE
erythema and scaling, nasal depigmentation
66
history of DLE
history, clinical signs, histopathology, ANA = negative
67
treatment of DLE
- avoid sun exposure
- topical therapy: 0.1% tacrolimus, steroids in spray, ointment
- oral therapy: prednisolone (1-2mg/kg daily), tetracisline and ninacinamid
68
Uveodermatologic syndrome predisposition
akitas and Nordic breeds, young adult dogs, mean 3 years
69
uveodermatologic casue
autoimmune
70
signs of uveodermatologic
- acute bilateral uveitis and losing pigment with skin inflammation, choriorenitis, poliosis, vitilgo
- losing pigment on nose, lips, skin on mucocutaneous junction
71
diagnosis of uveodermatologic
history, clinical signs, histopathology
72
treatment of uveodermatologic
prednisolone, azathiorpin, cyclosporin, long course therapy
73
prognosis of uveodermatologic
guarded
74
predispositionn of vitiligo
uncommon skin disease, rottweilers, dachshunds, golden retrievers, GSD, Doberman etc, starts at young age
75
cause of vitiligo
melanocytes are destroyed or die off
76
types of vitilog
focal (only one area, in dogs it’s the nose), generalised (multiple white patches)
77
signs of vitilgo
depigmentation, hair turns white, is painless, around nose others might start (lips and around eye)
78
diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of vitiligo
Diagnosis: CBC, skin scraping, microscopy, melanocytes
Treatment: no treatment
Prognosis: painless – it’s fine
79
alopecia areta
Predisposition: dachshund, chihuahuas, standard poodles, bernes mountain dogs
Cause: rare autoimmune disease
Signs: non inflamed alopecia, FOCAL AREAS of hair less, seen on head and neck
Diagnosis: CBC, physical exam
Treatment: Based upon underlying reason, keep moisturised
Prognosis: can’t be cured/treated but doesn’t affect dogs life
80
sebaceous adenitis
Predisposition: young adult- middle ages (1-5yr), akita, samoyed, standard poodle, vizslas
Causes: inflammation of and around the sebaceous glands leading to loss of these structures
Signs: similar to vitiligo, on sebaceous glands, dry skin, scaling and hair loss, bacterial folliculitis, pruritus
Diagnosis: histopathology, microscopy
Treatment: shampoos, sprays, immunomodulatory therapy and antibacterial (cycylocsporine)
Prognosis: guarded but variable
81
predisposition of pyoderma
GSD
82
cause of pyodewrma
local traumatisation, immunological deficit (allergy, autoimmune), hormonal disbalance, malnutrition, idiopathic
83
signs of pyoderma
papules, pustules, furuncles, discharging sinuses; bacterial infection of dermal and subcuticular tissues
84
diagnosis of pyoderma
medical history, clinical signs, cytology, antibiogram, histopath, haematology, bacteriology
cytology
- if it’s pyoderma you must see activated neutrophil, if you can see only bacteria you cannot say it’s pyoderma
85
treatment of pyoderma
topical therapy
- ointment cream, gel: fucidic acid, mupirocin, benzoyl peroxide
- shampoo: chlorhexidine 2-3%, benzoyl peroxide 2-3%, etyl lactate (no contact dermatitis), povidone-iodine
1st line antibiotics:
- .s pseudointermedius
cephalexin
- 15-30mg/kg BID
- broad spectrum
- excellent G+
86
canine aural hematoma
Is blood lying between the cartilaginous structure and skin of the pinna or within fractured aural cartilage
Cause: secondary to head shaking or scratching at the ear both secondary to ear infection, injury or disease
Signs: vary from small, fluctuant swellings on either surface of the pinna to extremely large tense structures distorting the whole ear
Diagnosis: history, signs, cytopathology (FNA), x-ray of skull
Treatment: drainage, usually surgical, and by correction of underlying problems
Prognosis: fine, but neglected cases can look like a cauliflower eat, but it’s a cosmetic concern
87
proliferative and necrotising feline otitis externa
Predisposition: young cats, <1 year
Cause: unknown (possibly immune-mediated aetiology)
Signs: lesions are bilaterally symmetrical, large tan – dark brown/black coalescing plaques over the concave aspect of the pinnae and extending into the vertical ear canals, head shaking, marked pruritus, pain , depression and anorexia
Diagnosis: histopathology
Treatment: topical tacrolimus, topical betamethasone, topical hydrocortisone
Prognosis: good, spontaneous resolution occurs in most cases
88
predisposition of otitis externa
affects 4-20% of dogs, cockers, retrievers, terriers, GSD
89
cause of otitis externa
numerous
- primary causes: allergies, autoimmune diseases, endocrine disorders, foreign bodies, parasites..
- secondary: bacteria, yeast
- perpetuating: chronic changes within the ear canal, tympanic abnormality
- predisposing: conformation, moisture in ear canal, obstruction
90
signs of otitis externa
pruritus, scratching, head shaking, aural discharge, malodour and pain
91
diagnosis of otitis externa
clinical signs, examination and cytology, otoscopy, microscopy, bacteriology
Otoscope
- sedation is offered required in dogs with painful and swollen ear canals or if needs cleaning to visualise the ear drum
92
treatment of otitis externa
topical therapy (ear cleaner and ear drops), systemic therapy, surgery, pain relief (NSAIDs), treat underlying cause
93
dermodex
Cause: parasitic mites: demodex gatoi + catis (cat), canis or injal (dogs)
Signs: hair loss, skin inflammation, crusting, pruritus
Diagnosis: skin scrape, acetate tape preparation
Treatment: topical treatments (lime sulfur dips), ivermectin
Prognosis: successfully treated
94
atopic dermatitis
Predisposition: DSH, Abyssinian and devon rex
Cause: skin disease due to an allergic reaction to environmental allergens
Signs: variable including symmetrical alopecia, miliary dermatitis, eosinophilic plaques and pruritus of head and neck
Diagnosis: elimination of other causes of pruritus, history and clinical signs, allergy testing
Treatment: prednisolone, parenteral glucocortoids, dex
Prognosis: control likely but life-long treatment required
95
otodectes mange
Predisposition: young
Cause: Otodectes cynotis
Signs: initiate otitis externa but remain undetected, head shaking, pain on palpation, malodour, erythema and swelling
Diagnosis: identification of mites
Treatment: ear canal cleansing, otic ectoparasiticides, selamectin, firponil
Prognosis: excellent
