rocks, continental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes,volcanoes journal questions

Question 1

what is the process that squeezes or compacts sediments?

Answer 1

compaction

Question 2

what is the name for when dissolved minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces among sediments holding the grains in place?

Answer 2

cementation

Question 3

what is the metamorphic process that happens under situations of intense temepratures?

Answer 3

recrystallization

Question 4

what is it called when water, wind, ice or gravity moves sedimet from one place to another?

Answer 4

erosion

Question 5

what is the process of breaking down rocks into sediments?

Answer 5

weathering

Question 6

what is the difference between non-foliated and foliated rocks? what kind of rock has these textures?

Answer 6

• foliated rocks have bands
• non-foliated rocks have big interlocking crystals and no bands.
• metamorhpic rocks have these textures.

Question 7

what is the difference between intrusive and extrusive cooling rates?

Answer 7

• intrusive rocks will cool slower because the magma hardens beneath earth’s surface.
• extrusive rocks will cool faster because they cool on the earth’s surface.
• this refers to igneous rocks.

Question 8

what is the difference between compaction and cementation?

Answer 8

compaction is process that that squeezes or compacts sediemts while cementation is what happens when minerals are deposited in a tiny space among sediments holding the grain in space. this deals with sedimentary rock.

Question 9

what is the asthenosphere?

Answer 9

the plastic layer below the lithosphere that the lithosphere floats on

Question 10

what are the two types of plates?

Answer 10

oceanic & continental

Question 11

describe a divergent boundary. what happens to the plates? what is caused/made by it?

Answer 11

• the plates are moving way from eachother

- valleys can form

Question 12

describe a convergent boundary. what happens to the plates? what is caused/made by it?

Answer 12

• the plates are moving in towards each other

- in water, forms a trench. on land, makes mountains

Question 13

describe a transform fault boundary.

Answer 13

• the plates are sliding up against each other.
• if it goes the other way it is called strike slip.
• causes earthquakes

Question 14

define earthquake.

Answer 14

a vibration of earth produced by the rapid release of energy.

Question 15

what is the epicenter of an earthquake?

Answer 15

the location directly above the hypercenter on the center of the earth. (on the surface)

Question 16

what is the focus of an earthquake?

Answer 16

the location benearth the surface of the eart h where the earthquake starts.

Question 17

discuss the types of waves created by an eathquake.

Answer 17

• P-waves come first, push and pull the earth like a slinky.
• S-waves arrive second, shake the rock from side to side
• surface waves come last, travel along with the surface of the earth

Question 18

how is he epicenter of an earthquake located?

Answer 18

by using the P & S waves to determine the distance of the earthquake.

Question 19

how are earthquakes measured?

Answer 19

with a seismograph

Question 20

what causes volcanoes to erupt?

Answer 20

the opening in the surface or crust of the earth allows lava, ash, and gases to escape from the magma chamber below the surface of the earth

Question 21

where do most volcanoes happen?

Answer 21

generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging

Question 22

describe a cindercone volcano.

Answer 22

• moderate slope
• laval flow on one side when it erupts
• releases things into the atmosphere when it erupts

Question 23

describe a shield volcano.

Answer 23

• laval flows, not a whole lot of spewing

- slow and steady, not a violent eruption

Question 24

describe a stratovolcano.

Answer 24

• most explosive

- quick explosions

Question 25

true or false?

super volcanoes have bigger eruptions becaue they cover less space.

Answer 25

false- they cover MORE space.

Question 26

what are 2 consequences that volcanoes have on the environment?

Answer 26

• the sulfur gas they release can turn the rain and clouds in the area to acid resulting in rain
• sulfur gas will reflect light away from earth, causing global cooling

Question 27

what is the ring of fire?

Answer 27

a chain of active volcanoes, most active spot for volcanoes and earthquakes.

Question 28

where is the ring of fire?

Answer 28

outlines all the land on the pacific coast, through the ocean

Question 29

how do plate tectonics work?

Answer 29

float on the asthenosphere and move around, colliding with each other.

Question 30

what is the Richter scale? what is a strong earthquake on this scale?

Answer 30

a scale used to measure earthquakes, strongest is a 10.

Question 31

what is the difference between laval flows and pyroclastic flows?

Answer 31

laval flows are less harmful because they flow slower, pyroclastic flows are faster.

Question 32

what is a lahar?

Answer 32

when the pyroclastic flow mixes with water and turns into a hot cement like a river of mud.