rocks, continental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes,volcanoes journal questions Flashcards
what is the process that squeezes or compacts sediments?
compaction
what is the name for when dissolved minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces among sediments holding the grains in place?
cementation
what is the metamorphic process that happens under situations of intense temepratures?
recrystallization
what is it called when water, wind, ice or gravity moves sedimet from one place to another?
erosion
what is the process of breaking down rocks into sediments?
weathering
what is the difference between non-foliated and foliated rocks? what kind of rock has these textures?
- foliated rocks have bands
- non-foliated rocks have big interlocking crystals and no bands.
- metamorhpic rocks have these textures.
what is the difference between intrusive and extrusive cooling rates?
- intrusive rocks will cool slower because the magma hardens beneath earth’s surface.
- extrusive rocks will cool faster because they cool on the earth’s surface.
- this refers to igneous rocks.
what is the difference between compaction and cementation?
compaction is process that that squeezes or compacts sediemts while cementation is what happens when minerals are deposited in a tiny space among sediments holding the grain in space. this deals with sedimentary rock.
what is the asthenosphere?
the plastic layer below the lithosphere that the lithosphere floats on
what are the two types of plates?
oceanic & continental
describe a divergent boundary. what happens to the plates? what is caused/made by it?
- the plates are moving way from eachother
- valleys can form
describe a convergent boundary. what happens to the plates? what is caused/made by it?
- the plates are moving in towards each other
- in water, forms a trench. on land, makes mountains
describe a transform fault boundary.
- the plates are sliding up against each other.
- if it goes the other way it is called strike slip.
- causes earthquakes
define earthquake.
a vibration of earth produced by the rapid release of energy.
what is the epicenter of an earthquake?
the location directly above the hypercenter on the center of the earth. (on the surface)
what is the focus of an earthquake?
the location benearth the surface of the eart h where the earthquake starts.
discuss the types of waves created by an eathquake.
- P-waves come first, push and pull the earth like a slinky.
- S-waves arrive second, shake the rock from side to side
- surface waves come last, travel along with the surface of the earth
how is he epicenter of an earthquake located?
by using the P & S waves to determine the distance of the earthquake.
how are earthquakes measured?
with a seismograph
what causes volcanoes to erupt?
the opening in the surface or crust of the earth allows lava, ash, and gases to escape from the magma chamber below the surface of the earth
where do most volcanoes happen?
generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging
describe a cindercone volcano.
- moderate slope
- laval flow on one side when it erupts
- releases things into the atmosphere when it erupts
describe a shield volcano.
- laval flows, not a whole lot of spewing
- slow and steady, not a violent eruption
describe a stratovolcano.
- most explosive
- quick explosions
true or false?
super volcanoes have bigger eruptions becaue they cover less space.
false- they cover MORE space.
what are 2 consequences that volcanoes have on the environment?
- the sulfur gas they release can turn the rain and clouds in the area to acid resulting in rain
- sulfur gas will reflect light away from earth, causing global cooling
what is the ring of fire?
a chain of active volcanoes, most active spot for volcanoes and earthquakes.
where is the ring of fire?
outlines all the land on the pacific coast, through the ocean
how do plate tectonics work?
float on the asthenosphere and move around, colliding with each other.
what is the Richter scale? what is a strong earthquake on this scale?
a scale used to measure earthquakes, strongest is a 10.
what is the difference between laval flows and pyroclastic flows?
laval flows are less harmful because they flow slower, pyroclastic flows are faster.
what is a lahar?
when the pyroclastic flow mixes with water and turns into a hot cement like a river of mud.
