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Geography LC > Rocks and the Rock Cycle > Flashcards

Rocks and the Rock Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Near the surface of the earth.

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2
Q

Where can sedimentary rocks form?

A

Land, lake beds and beneath the sea

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3
Q

What are the layers in sedimentary rock called?

A

Strata

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4
Q

What process converts sediment layers into solid rock?

A

Lithification

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5
Q

What two ways does lithification occur?

A
  • Compaction

- Cementation

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6
Q

Describe compaction.

A

As the grains are squeezed together by the weight of overlying sediments

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7
Q

Describe cementation.

A

As individual particles are bonded to one another by a cementing agent such as silica or calcium.

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8
Q

What are the three types of sedimentary rocks?

A
  • Inorganic sedimentary rocks
  • Organic sedimentary rocks
  • Chemical sedimentary rocks
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9
Q

How are inorganic sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Are formed from sediments that were broken down by weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks.

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10
Q

Name two common sedimentary rocks.

A

Sandstones and conglomerates

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11
Q

How are organic sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Are formed from the sediments that came from once living organisms, such as plants and sea creatures.

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12
Q

Name two common organic sedimentary rocks.

A

Limestone and coal

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13
Q

How are chemical sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Are formed from material that was carried in solution in lakes and seas.

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14
Q

Name two common chemical sedimentary rocks.

A

Gypsum and rock salt.

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15
Q

Give an example of a coarse-grained inorganic rock?

A

Sandstone

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16
Q

How is sandstone formed?

A

Formed when grains of quartz were deposited in layers on land or on the bed of a shallow sea.

17
Q

What is quartz?

A

Sand particles

18
Q

What two ways can deposits of quartz accumulate?

A
  • Flood deposits

- Wind deposits

19
Q

When was sandstone created in Ireland?

A

Roughly 350 million years ago.

20
Q

What caused the sandstone to form in Ireland?

A

It was a result of flash flooding.

21
Q

What happened to the Caledonian mountains?

A

Heavy rainfall eroded them, washing the eroded sediments into the bed of a shallow sea.

22
Q

What does this sea bed make up now?

A

Much of the Munster Landscape

23
Q

What did the sandstone contain?

A

High levels of iron oxide- gave it a reddish appearance

24
Q

What substances helped bond the sediments together?

A

Iron and silica

25
Q

What is this sandstone called?

A

Old Red Sandstone

26
Q

How long did the old red sandstone remain submerged in the shallow sea?

A

Until approximately 250 million years ago.

27
Q

How was the sandstone moved up from the sea bed?

A

The African and Eurasian plates collided- causing the layers of sandstone and overlying limestone to buckle and uplifted.

28
Q

What were the newly formed Munster mountains called?

A

The Armorican Mountains.

29
Q

What did this process of folding create?

A

Parallel ridges of sandstone and valleys of limestone

30
Q

What happened to the limestone valleys?

A

They were weathered and eroded downwards creating flat, fertile land between the ridge mountains

31
Q

What has happened to form dolomite?

A

It has undergone a chemical change

32
Q

What chemical change occurred in dolomite?

A

The calcium has been replaced by magnesium

33
Q

What colour is dolomite?

A

Varies in colour from white to grey or pink

34
Q

Where is dolomite found in Ireland?

A

Found among the limestone of the south of Ireland

35
Q

What is chalk?

A

Pure, soft, white-coloured limestone

36
Q

Where did it used to be found?

A

It once covered Ireland, but it has been eroded.

37
Q

Where has the chalk not been eroded?

A

The Antrim-Derry Plateau, where it is protected by a layer of basalt

38
Q

What is limestone an example of?

A

An organic rock

39
Q

How is limestone formed?

A

From the compressed remains of sea creatures.

Geography LC (19 decks)

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