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Science '24 > Rocks and Minerals > Flashcards

Rocks and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

(8.1) What are rocks classified as?

A

Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

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2
Q

(8.1) How do igneous rocks form?

A

Igneous rocks form from cooled magma or lava

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3
Q

(8.1) What is the outermost layer of the Earth?

A

The crust

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4
Q

(8.1) What is the layer beneath the crust?

A

The mantle

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5
Q

(8.1) What is the collective name for the mantle and the crust?

A

The lithosphere

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6
Q

(8.1) What is the asthenosphere?

A

The asthenosphere is the ‘plastic’, semi-liquid layer beneath the lithosphere

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7
Q

(8.1) What is the innermost part of the Earth called?

A

The core

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8
Q

(8.1) What state is the core?

A

The inner core is rigid, whilst the outer core is liquid.

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9
Q

(8.1) What is magma?

A

Molten rock

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10
Q

(8.1) How does magma breach the crust?

A

Magma pushes through faults and cracks in the crust to reach the surface.

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11
Q

(8.1) What is magma called above the surface?

A

Lava

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12
Q

(8.1) What were the first kind of rocks to form?

A

Igneous rocks

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13
Q

(8.1) What is the name of surface igneous rocks?

A

Extrusive igneous rocks

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14
Q

(8.1) What is the name of internal igneous rocks?

A

Intrusive igneous rocks

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15
Q

(8.1) How are crystals formed?

A

When magma is solidifying, particles in the liquid rock may clump together, forming crystals

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16
Q

(8.1) Do intrusive igneous rocks produce small or large crystals?

A

Intrusive igneous rocks produce large crystals due to the slow cooling of magma

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17
Q

(8.1) Do extrusive igneous rocks produce small or large crystals?

A

Extrusive igneous rocks produce small crystals due to the rapid cooling of lava

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18
Q

(8.1) What is the relation of magma/lava cooling speed and crystal size?

A

The slower the magma/lava cools, the larger the crystals are and vice versa.

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19
Q

(8.1) What are the characteristics of igneous rocks?

A

Hard, strong and made of interlocking crystals that have grown into each other and locked together.

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20
Q

(8.1) Can intrusive igneous rocks become extrusive and the other way round? What does this mean?

A

Yes, both intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks can become extrusive and intrusive, respectfully. This means that geologists must look at the colour and texture of rocks to classify them.

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21
Q

(8.1) What is a feature of many extrusive igneous rocks not seen in intrusive igneous rocks?

A

Holes or spaces, due to gas bubbles.

22
Q

(8.2) What is weathering?

A

Physical and/or chemical processes of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces.

23
Q

(8.2) What effect does temperature change have on physical weathering?

A

Rapid heating and cooling weathers rocks (e.g. in the desert)

24
Q

(8.2) What effect does the action of ice have on physical weathering?

A

Widens and cracks rocks (e.g. glaciers)

25
Q

(8.2) What effect does the crystallisation of salts have on physical weathering?

A

Rocks crack when salts expand

26
Q

(8.2) What effect does wind have on physical weathering?

A

Fine rock particles blast rock surface

27
Q

(8.2) What effect does the action of water have on physical weathering?

A

Gradual wearing away of the rock.

28
Q

(8.2) What effect do gases have on chemical weathering?

A

When the iron in dolerite interacts with carbon dioxide, iron oxide is formed. This makes red sand which breaks the rock into smaller pieces.

29
Q

(8.2) What effect do acids have on chemical weathering?

A

Acid rain (e.g. hydrochloric acid) dissolves rock.

30
Q

(8.2) What effect does water (hydrolysis) have on chemical weathering?

A

Water dissolves minerals in rock to create holes

31
Q

(8.2) What does the term ‘erosion’ refer to?

A

Erosion refers to the displacement of solids

32
Q

(8.2) What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

A

Erosion is the removal of small rock particles from a weathered rock to a new location, whilst weathering refers to the breakdown/decomposition of a rock into these smaller particles.

33
Q

(8.2) How does erosion occur?

A

By wind, water or ice (glaciers)

34
Q

(8.2) What is deposition?

A

The process of depositing rock particles

35
Q

(8.2) What is a delta?

A

Where a river slows as it enters the sea; where a river deposits its soil.

36
Q

(8.3) How do sedimentary rocks form?

A

Erosion occurs, transporting the rocks until they undergo deposition. The rock particles are then compacted (becoming sediment) before they are cemented, becoming stronger.

37
Q

(8.3) What are the types of sedimentary rocks?

A

Clastic, organic and chemical

38
Q

(8.3) What are clastic sedimentary rocks and how are they classified?

A

Formed from rock fragments and classified by the size and nature of the rock grain.

39
Q

(8.3) What are organic sedimentary rocks and how are they classified?

A

Formed from remains of plants and animals and classified according to the type of organic material the rock is composed of.

40
Q

(8.3) How are chemical sedimentary rocks classified?

A

Classified by the type of crystals in the rock.

41
Q

(8.3) What is the importance of sedimentary rocks?

A

Dating each layer gives an estimate of geological time (useful in geology, archaeology, etc).

42
Q

(8.4) How are metamorphic rocks formed?

A

When igneous or sedimentary rocks undergo high pressure or temperature, metamorphic rocks are formed.

43
Q

(8.4) What is contact metamorphism?

A

Heat from lava melts existing rocks.

44
Q

(8.4) What is regional metamorphism?

A

Pressure from tectonic plates crushes existing rocks.

45
Q

(8.4) What are the types of changes in rocks?

A

Recrystallisation (forms new minerals), foliation (stripes/bands in metamorphic rocks) and non-foliation (no stripes/bands in the rock)

46
Q

(8.4) What is the rock cycle?

A

The rock cycle is a model that shows the interaction between each and every type of rock, as well as magma and sediments. (study an image of it, I can’t put one here!)

47
Q

(8.5) What is a mineral?

A

A mineral is a naturally occurring solid or liquid found in the Earth’s crust.

48
Q

(8.5) What is a rock containing valuable minerals called?

A

An ore

49
Q

(8.5) What are the properties of a mineral?

A

Hard, colour, lustre, streak colour

50
Q

(8.5) What is Moh’s scale?

A

Moh’s scales is a hardness scale that allows us to test the hardness of a rock or mineral.

51
Q

(8.5) How does Moh’s scale work?

A

There are ten minerals, each numbered one through ten (ten being the hardest). The unknown mineral is scratched against them. If it is scratched by one of the minerals, then that mineral is stronger than it. If it scratches that mineral, it is stronger than it. It is then given a hardness value based on what it is and isn’t scratched by

52
Q

(8.5) What are the ten minerals in Moh’s hardness scale?

A

10: Diamond (often not used due to its value)
9: Corundum
8: Topaz
7: Quartz
6: Orthoclase
5: Apatite
4: Fluorite
3: Calcite
2: Gypsum
1: Talc

Science '24 (3 decks)

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