Body Systems Flashcards
(3.1) Where does digestion take place?
The digestive system
(3.1) What does the digestive system consist of?
The digestive tract (the pathway the food takes takes via a series of organs) and organs that help with digestion but are not part of the digestive tract, producing chemicals for digestion (e.g. pancreas and gall bladder)
(3.1) What is the name for food rolled into balls and what is this system called?
The balls are known as bolus and the process is known as peristalsis
(3.1) What is chemical digestion?
When enzymes break down food (e.g. amylases break starch down into glucose)
(3.1) What is mechanical digestion?
Mechanical digestion is digestion by mechanical means (e.g. the crushing of food in the mouth into smaller pieces and the mixing of food in the stomach)
(3.1) What parts of the digestive system do what?
Digestion: Stomach
Absorption: Small intestine, villi
Waste: Large intestine
(3.1) How do molecules absorb in absorption?
Large molecule to small molecules
Carbs to glucose
Fats to fatty acids
Proteins to amino acids
(3.2) What is respiration?
Respiration is a series of chemical reactions to release energy from glucose in cells
(3.2) What is the waste of burning glucose?
Carbon dioxide
(3.2) What is breathing?
Breathing is the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide inside and outside the body
(3.2) What is the difference between breathing and respiration?
Respiration is the exchange of gases at a cellular level whilst breathing is throughout the body, inside and out.
(3.2) What is the path of the respiratory system?
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
(3.3) What is the circulatory system?
The circulatory system is a transport system that transports nutrients (fats, carbs and proteins) and oxygen to cells and transports wastes (carbon dioxide) away from cells. It also transports heat throughout the body.
(3.3) What are the parts of the circulatory system?
The heart, the blood and blood vessels.
(3.3) What are the three types of blood vessels?
Arteries, capillaries and veins.
(3.3) What do arteries do?
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. They are elastic and muscular to carry blood at a high pressure.
(3.3) What are pulmonary arteries?
Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the heart, instead of away from it.
(3.3) What are capillaries?
Capillaries are a fine network of one-cell blood vessels which carry blood to and from cells. The exchange of nutrients and gases occurs inside capillaries.
(3.3) What are veins?
Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They have valves to stop the blood from flowing backwards.
(3.3) What do red blood cells do?
Red blood cells (red from the bonding of oxygen and haemoglobin) carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
(3.3) What do white blood cells do?
White blood cells are part of the immune system. They fight infections.
(3.3) What do platelets do?
Help clot blood. Clots stop us bleeding out.
(3.3) What is plasma?
Plasma, a yellowish liquid containing water, nutrients and wastes, constitutes the vast majority of the blood.
(3.4) What is defecation?
Defecation is the process of concentrating wastes into solids by removing water.
(3.4) What is urea?
Urea is the product (waste) of the digestion of Amino acids.
(3.4) What do the kidneys do?
The kidneys filter toxins from the blood to make urine.
(3.4) What are the parts of a kidney to produce urine?
Kidney artery (brings oxygenated blood to the kidney), kidney vein (takes deoxygenated blood from the kidney), glomerulus (filters the wastes/toxins from the blood), ureter (removes urine to the bladder), bladder (holds the urine) and urethra (drains urine out of the body).
(3.4) What does high blood pressure do to the kidney?
Damages the kidney artery so filtration does not occur
(3.4) What are kidney stones?
Hard crystals which accumulate in the kidney
(3.4) What do infections do the kidney?
Bacteria infects the tubes of the bladder and ureter.
(3.5) What is the axial skeleton?
The axial skeleton is the bones in the centre of the body, the skull, the vertebrae and the ribs.
(3.5) What is the appendicular skeleton?
The appendicular skeleton includes the arms, the pelvis, the shoulders, the legs and the feet.
(3.5) What are the types of connective tissue?
Ligaments (prevent the bone joints from moving too far), tendons (connects muscles to bone) and cartilage (a smooth and slippery material that acts as a shock absorber to protect joints and bones)
(3.5) What are the functions of the skeletal system?
The skeletal system supports all soft tissues (e.g. skin) and protects organs (e.g. ribs protect heart and lungs).
(3.5) What are bones made of and what do they do?
Bones are composed of calcium minerals and slightly elastic, with the purpose of protecting the body.
(3.5) What are the two types of bones?
Compact (strong, dense and heavy) and spongey (light and jelly-like, where bone marrow is situated).
(3.5) What is bone marrow?
Bone marrow is a spongey substance found in the centre of bones.
(3.5) What are muscles and what do they do?
Muscles are tissues that are able to contract and stretch. They move bones and work in antagonistic pairs.
(3.5) What is a joint and what does it do?
A joint is where two or more bones comes together. They protect your bones from wear.
(3.5) What are the types of joints?
The types of joints are ball and socket (shoulder), pivot (skull), hinge (elbow) and ellipsoidal (wrist bones).
(3.5) What do joints have to protect the bones from wear?
Cartilage (a smooth and slippery material that acts as a shock absorber to protect joints and bones) and synovial fluid (fluid which lubricates the joints).
(7.3/3.2) What is the word equation for respiration?
Glucose + oxygen (produces energy/ATP) = carbon dioxide + water vapour
How many bones in the adult human body?
206
How many muscles in the human body?
About 600
