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Science term 4 yr 8 > Rocks and minerals > Flashcards

Rocks and minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the crust?

A

The outermost layer of the Earth, composed of solid rock.

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2
Q

What is the mantle

A

The layer of Earth below the crust.

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3
Q

What is the asthenosphere?

A

The top layer of mantle composed of ‘plastic’ rock.

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4
Q

What is the core?

A

The 2 innermost layers of the Earth.

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5
Q

What are igneous rocks?

A

Rocks formed by cooling magma.

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6
Q

What are interlocking crystals?

A

Crystals that lock together and grow into each other.

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7
Q

What is lava?

A

Molten rock reaching the Earths surface.

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8
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

The layer of Earth composed of the crust and upper mantle.

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9
Q

What is magma?

A

Molten rock that does not reach the Earths surface.

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10
Q

What are crystals?

A

Minerals in liquid rock that clump together.

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11
Q

How are crystals formed?

A

When magma is solidifying, minerals in the liquid rock may clump together to form structures called crystals.

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of Igneous rocks?

A

Igneous rocks are hard because the minerals they contain are hard, strong because the minerals that make them up as strong and made of interlocking crystals.

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13
Q

What are extrusive igneous rocks?

A

Extrusive igneous rocks are rocks formed from magma that erupts onto the earth surface and cools quickly, they have very small crystals inside.

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14
Q

What are intrusive igneous rocks?

A

Intrusive igneous rocks are rocks that form from slowly cooled magma underground, resulting in large crystals.

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15
Q

What are the uses of igneous rocks?

A

Buildings and other stone statues.

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16
Q

What is weathering?

A

Weathering is the physical or chemical process that break rocks down.

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17
Q

What could cause physical weathering.

A

Temperature change
The action of water and ice
Crystallisation of salts
Wind
Living plants

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18
Q

How would the action of water and ice affect the rocks?

A

Ice can split rocks by rapidly cooling them and expanding cracks when water inside freezes.

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19
Q

How would wind affect the rocks?

A

Fine particles of rock carried by wind can cause physical weathering these fine rock particles blast the rock surface wearing pieces away.

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20
Q

How would temperature change affect the rocks?

A

Temperature could affect rocks as solids expand when they are heated in contract when they cooled meaning if temperature change between a day and night is very fast it can crack a rock, resulting in more cracks in the future.

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21
Q

How would living plants affect the rocks?

A

Plant roots can split rocks and grow through fine cracks as the root thickens it splits rocks

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22
Q

How would crystallisation of salts affect the rock?

A

Water in soil can contain dissolved salts. If sodium chloride crystals form in between rocks, their expansion can exert pressure on rocks.

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23
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

Is when water and chemicals in the water and air react with rocks and change it.

24
Q

How do gases affect rocks?

A

Air contains oxygen and carbon dioxide which can react to certain rocks weakening their structure causing them to crumble or change colour.

25
How can water affect rocks (physical)
Some rocks contain soluble materials that can dissolve in rain, weakening the cement that hold the rocks together, causing it to crumble
26
How can acids/acid rain affect rocks?
Acid rain, formed by lightning or air pollution, contains dilute acids that can attack and weather rocks.
27
What is erosion?
The process of small rock particles broken off by weathering being carried away by water wind and ice.
28
What is the difference between erosion and weathering?
Erosion is carrying away particles while weathering breaks off the particles.
29
What is deposition
Deposition, or sedimentation is when small rock particles carried away from weathered rocks are eventually dropped.
30
When does deposition occur?
Deposition occurs where the moving water wind or ice that is carrying the particles slow down.
31
How do sedimentary rocks form?
Sedimentary rocks form over time when layers of sediment are compressed and cemented by minerals from ground water.
32
What are the 3 basic types of sediment?
Clastic: Pieces of weathered rock Chemical: minerals that crystallize from solution. Organic: Dead animal or plant material
33
What are clastic sedimentary rocks?
Sedimentary rocks formed from weathered rock sediment.
34
What are natural cements?
Chemicals that can flow around the sediments and then set like cement.
35
How do chemical sedimentary rocks form?
Chemical sedimentary rocks form when minerals crystalize from water as it dries up.
36
How do organic sediments form?
They form when dead plant matter or animal debris builds up and is then cemented together.
37
What are the main physical properties used to identify minerals?
Hardness, lustre(how shiny), colour, streak colour
38
What is a streak?
The colour left behind when you scratch a surface with a mineral.
39
What is a mineral resource?
Minerals that are dug up and used.
40
What is a flame test?
In flame tests minerals are grounded into a powder an heated in a flame full stop this shows different colours helping identify the minerals.
41
What are the process in obtaining mineral?
Exploration, mining, enrichment, extraction.
42
What are 3 types of sedimentary rocks?
Clastic, chemical, organic
43
What are the characteristics of clastic sedimentary rocks
-Have layers due to sediments building up in deposits -The grains do not interlock because they're cemented not crystallised. Fossils can be preserved in the rock.
44
What are chemical sedimentary rocks?
Are rocks that in most variants, have crystals in them. However they are quite soft, unlike hard igneous rocks.
45
What are fossils?
Fossils are preserved evidence of organisms that once existed on earths. This could be animal tracts or bones.
46
What is strata and stratum?
Strata's are a sedimentary rock formed in layers. A stratum is a single layer. Older stratum is forced to the bottom.
47
What does metamorphic mean?
Metamorphic means that the rock has changed form.
48
When can metamorphic rocks form?
Metamorphic rocks form when he in pressure changes existing igneous and sedimentary rocks. They could also form from other metamorphic rocks or heat
49
Where can metamorphic rocks be formed?
Deep beneath the Earths surface where the pressure is very high.
50
What is regional metamorphism?
Regional metamorphism is the transformation of rocks by high pressure and temperature over large areas, usually from tectonic forces during mountain formation.
51
What are the 2 types of metamorphism?
Regional and Contact.
52
What is contact metamorphism?
Is when rocks that come in contact with hot magma push through the mantle and crust.
53
What is recyrstallisation
Is when heat and pressure melt a rock resulting in new crystals growing ad the rock cools down.
54
What is foliation?
Foliation is the banding in metamorphic rocks caused by minerals being squashed into layers or flatten under heat and pressure
55
What are rocks made up of?
A chemical substance called minerals.
56
What is a mineral?
A naturally occurring solid or liquid in the Earths crust.
57
What are ores?
Naturally occurring minerals that are valuable.

Science term 4 yr 8 (3 decks)

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