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Science term 4 yr 8 > Body systems > Flashcards

Body systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of the same type of cell that work together to do a specific job in the body.

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2
Q

What is an organ?

A

An organ is a structure that contains at least 2 different types of tissue that work together to complete a task.

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3
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

Breaks down food which have complex chemicals into a simple, soluble chemical that your cells can use for nutrients.

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4
Q

What is digestion?

A

Is the process of breaking down food into a useable form and making the nutrients available.

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5
Q

What are the 2 different types of digestion?

A

Mechanical and chemical digestion.

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6
Q

What is mechanical digestion

A

Is when food is broken down into smaller pieces .( no new substances are formed)

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7
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

It’s when the large complex substances in the food are broken up and produce simpler smaller chemicals. (New substances are formed)

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8
Q

What are the 4 types of teeth?

A

Incisors, canines, premolars and molars.

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9
Q

What is the process when you chew food?

A

The incisors bite off small pieces of food, which the tongue pushes back to the molars and premolars. They grind the food into smaller pieces while chewing.

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10
Q

What is saliva?

A

A clear liquid in the mouth that moistens food, making it slippery and easy to swallow. They can digest starch, a complex sugar, into glucose, a simple sugar.

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11
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

A tube that connects the throat to the stomach, moving food down with contractions known as peristalsis.

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12
Q

What is a sphincter?

A

A circular muscle that opens and closes to control a passage between the oesophagus and stomach.

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13
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

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14
Q

What is the stomach?

A

A bag shaped organ that stores food and mixes it with gastric juice that break the food down.

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15
Q

What causes gargling noises in the stomach?

A

The stomachs muscular walls contract and relax to churn the food, causing gargling noises.

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16
Q

What is gastric juice?

A

A digestive fluid that helps break down food.

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17
Q

What do gastric juices contain?

A

-Hydrochloric acid, kills bacteria in food
-Mucus, to protect the stomach lining
-Digestive juices, breaking down proteins in meats.

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18
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

A long tube where digestion and nutrient absorption occur.

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19
Q

What is the digestive tract?

A

The pathway food travels through, from the mouth to the anus, where it’s processed and nutrients are absorbed.

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20
Q

what is the duodenum?

A

The first part of the small intestine where digestion occurs, with tubes from the pancreas and liver delivering essential chemicals for digestion.

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21
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

Not part of the digestive tract, it produces pancreatic juice that digests carbs, fats, and proteins.

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22
Q

What is bile?

A

A greenish liquid responsible for mechanical digestion of fats. It breaks down large pieces of fat to digest easier.

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23
Q

What does the liver do?

A

The liver processes nutrients, removes toxins, makes bile for digestion, and helps control metabolism.

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24
Q

What is villi?

A

Microscopic ‘fingers’ that increase the surface area of the intestine wall where nutrients is absorbed more efficiently.

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25
Q

What is the ileum

A

The last part of the small intestine that absorbs nutrients and connects to the large intestine.

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26
Q

What are the nutrients that pass from the small intestine?

A

-fatty acids and glycerol
-amino acids
-glucose

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27
Q

What is the large intestine?

A

The last part of the digestive system, absorbing water and salts, forming waste for excretion. (from the anus)

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28
Q

What is vomiting?

A

A quick way of getting rid of unwanted bacteria in the digestive tract. Due to stress or infection.

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29
Q

What is diarrhoea?

A

Another way of getting rid of harmful bacteria or viruses. Diarrhoea will cause dehydration as the faeces are loose.

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30
Q

What is heartburn?

A

A burning sensation in the chest caused by stomach acid rising into the oesophagus from peristalsis.

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31
Q

What is the appendix and appendicitis?

A

The appendix is a pouch connected to the large intestine; if blocked, it can become inflamed and burst.

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32
Q

What is respiration?

A

Refers to the series of chemical changes that take place in cells to release energy. (for humans and animals, respiration is breathing)

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33
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

The system of organs and tissues that take oxygen into the body and make the oxygen available to the cells.

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34
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A

Takes in air and extracts oxygen from it. It lets oxygen enter our bloodstream for delivery to cells.

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35
Q

What is cilia?

A

Tiny hairs on the nose capture dust particles with mucus, which then move to the back of the nose and is swallowed down the pharynx.

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36
Q

What is the trachea?

A

A tube that connects the throat to the lungs, allowing air to pass in and out during breathing. (wind pipe)

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37
Q

What is the bronchi?

A

The trachea divides into 2 bronchi (singular). They are large air passages that branch from the trachea into the lungs.

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38
Q

What is the alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacks in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur.

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39
Q

What is the bronchioles?

A

Even smaller tubes divided from the bronchi.

40
Q

What is the process of gas exchange?

A

Gas exchange occurs when oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

41
Q

What do your muscles do when you breath?

A

When you breathe in, rib muscles contract to lift the rib cage up and out. The diaphragm then contracts and flattens.

42
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A sheet of muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen.

43
Q

When does respiration begin?

A

Respiration begins once the oxygen and glucose are together in the cells, where the 2 chemicals react together.

44
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

The circulatory system is a network of the heart and blood vessels that transports nutrients and oxygen around the body.

45
Q

What is the respiratory tract?

A

The respiratory tract is the pathway air travels through from the nose or mouth to the lungs for gas exchange.

46
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A

-Arteries
-Veins
-Capillaries

47
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and can spurt under pressure if cut.

48
Q

What is your pulse?

A

The constant expansion and contraction of the arteries in response to your heartbeat.

49
Q

What are capillaries?

A

As arteries branch into smaller and smaller blood vessels, they become very fine, called capillaries.

50
Q

What do veins do?

A

Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart with muscle contractions and valves.

51
Q

How are bruises formed?

A

When you bump yourself hard, tiny capillaries burst and leak blood into the tissue, causing a bruise that changes colour as it heals.

52
Q

What is the heart?

A

The heart is a muscle that pumps blood around the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing waste.

53
Q

What is a cardiac muscle?

A

Cardiac muscles are found only in the heart and works continuously in response to signals from the pacemaker.

54
Q

What is oxygenated blood?

A

The blood rich in oxygen.

55
Q

What is deoxygenated blood?

A

Blood rich carbon dioxide

56
Q

What are the 3 main phases of a heartbeat?

A

Atria push blood into ventricles, which is sent to the body, while muscles relax to refill the atria.

57
Q

What is angina/heart attackish?

A

A lack of oxygen to the heart muscle that can cause severe chest pains.

58
Q

What is plaque made up of?

A

Calcium, cholesterol and fibrin.

59
Q

What does blood do?

A

It carries oxygen, nutrients and water to the cells while carrying away waste. It also maintains your body temperature.

60
Q

What is blood made up of?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.

61
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

Red blood cells are made in bone marrow, contain haemoglobin for their red colour and carry oxygen as oxyhaemoglobin.

62
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Platelets prevent and stop bleeding. Too few cause bleeding, while too many can lead to clots, causing heart attacks or strokes.

63
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

White blood cells are part of the immune system that helps fight disease.

64
Q

What is plasma?

A

Plasma is a yellowish liquid, 90% water, While the 10% contains nutrients, waste, suspended blood cells and platelets.

65
Q

What is defecation?

A

The process of getting rid of solid waste from your body.

66
Q

What is faeces?

A

Undigested material that your body has not been able to use.

67
Q

What is excretion?

A

Getting rid of waste your body has produced.

68
Q

What are lungs?

A

The organ that helps you breathe by taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide and water.

69
Q

What is urea?

A

A waste product when proteins are broken down.

70
Q

How does sweating help regulate body heat?

A

Releases excess heat through the skin.

71
Q

What are kidneys?

A

The kidneys are vital organs that filter blood, excrete urea, regulate water levels and control salt levels in blood.

72
Q

What is urine?

A

Urine is waste material that has been filtered out of the blood by kidneys.

73
Q

What are ureters?

A

Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

74
Q

What is the urinary tract?

A

Together, the kidneys, bladder, urethra and ureters is the urinary tract.

75
Q

What is the bladder?

A

A muscular sac that stores urine until it is excreted from the body.

76
Q

What is the urethra?

A

The tube that carries urine to the outside of the body.

77
Q

How do kidney stones form?

A

Kidney stones form when chemicals in urine create hard crystals, blocking kidney tubes and causing pain.

78
Q

What are is a kidney disease and what causes it?

A

Kidney disease is when kidneys lose function, often due to diabetes, high blood pressure, or infections.

79
Q

What is the common cause of urinary tract infections?

A

Most urinary tract infections are caused by bacteria from the digestive tract, often entering through the urethra.

80
Q

What is the skeleton?

A

your bodies frame, made up of bones.

81
Q

What are the 3 functions of the bone?

A

-supports the tissue
-protect vital organs. (axial skeleton)
-allows movement. (appendicular skeleton)

82
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

The axial skeleton protects vital organs and consists of 80 bones like the skull, vertebrae and ribs.

83
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

The appendicular skeleton allows movement and consists of 126 bone like the bones in you arms and legs.

84
Q

What are the 2 different forms of bone tissue?

A

-Compact bone, the dense outer layer that provides strength to bones.
-Spongy bone, light yet strong, containing bone marrow that makes blood cells.

85
Q

What is the bone shaft?

A

The central part of long bones with a cavity for bone marrow and blood vessels.

86
Q

What is a joint?

A

A place in the body where 2 bones come together and allow movement.

87
Q

What do joints have to protect you bones from wear?

A

-Cartilage, cushioning moving bone ends.
-Synovial fluid, lubricating bone ends for smooth movement

88
Q

What are the 4 types of joints?

A

-Hinge joint
-Ball and socket joint
-Pivot joint
- Saddle joint

89
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

A joint that only allows back-and-forth movement, like a door hinge.

90
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A

A joint where a round bone end fits into a cup-shaped socket, allowing for all types of movements.

91
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

A joint that lets one bone rotate around another, allowing head movement at the base of the skull.

92
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

A saddle joint allows movement in 2 directions but doesn’t allow the same amount of movement as a ball and socket joint.

93
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Ligaments are bands of tough flexible tissue that hold the bones in a joint together.

94
Q

What is a muscle?

A

Muscles are tissues that are able to contract(shorten) and be stretched.

95
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Tendons are tissues that attach muscle to bones and hold the muscles in position.

96
Q

What are antagonistic pairs?

A

Muscle pairs that work against each other through contraction and relaxation, like biceps and triceps.

Science term 4 yr 8 (3 decks)

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