Robbins Neoplasia Ch 5 Flashcards
What are the hallmarks of cancer cells?
- self-sufficiency in growth signals
- lack of response to growth inhibitory signals
- evasion of cell death
- limitless replicative potential
- development of angiogenesis to sustain growth
- ability to invade local tissues and spread
- reprogramming of metabolic pathways, specifically a switch to aerobic glycolysis
- ability to evade the immune system
What are the two basic componenets of tumors?
the parenchyma - transformed neoplastic cells
AND
the stroma - non-neoplastic supporting cells derived from the host (connective tissue, blood vessels, host inflammatory cells)
What is a chondroma?
benign tumor begininning in cartilage
Where do papillomas begin?
epithelium. They develop finger-like projections.
What are cystadenomas?
hollow cystic masses that typically arise in the ovary
What are neoplasms arising from mesenchymal tissues called?
sarcomas
What are leukemias?
neoplasms arising from blood
What is a fibrosarcoma?
a cancer of fibrou stissue that originated in the solid mesenchymal tissues.
What is a tumor arising from the endoderm called?
carcinoma. All epithelial-derived tumors are carcinomas, regardless or germ cell layer origin.
What are carcinomas taht frow in glandular patterns called?
adenocarcinomas
What is a pleomorphic adenoma?
when there is divergent diffentiation in tumors, causing mixed cells of origin in a tumor.
What is a teratoma?
a special type of mixed tumor that contains recognizable mature or immature cells representative of more than one germ cell layer ,sometimes all three. They originate from totipotential germ cells, like those present in ovaries and testes.
What is a hamartoma?
a mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to the particular site. May show a mass of mature but disorganized hepaticcells, blood vessels, and possibly bile ducts within the liver or a nodule in the lung containing islands of cartilage, bronchi, and blood vessels. Considered a developmental malformation, but some studies suggest neoplastic origin
What are choristomas?
congenital anomaly consisting of heterotopic rest of cells. (ex: small nodule of well-develped and normally organized pancreatic tissue found in submucosa of stomach, duodenum or small intestine.)
What are the four features that indicate whether benign or malignant?
- differentiation and anaplasia
- rate of growth
- local invasion
- metastasis
Can differentiation and anaplasia be seen in the parenchyme? The stroma?
differentiation and anaplasia can only be seen in the parenchymal cells.
What is desmoplasia?
when cancers induce a dense abundant fibrous stroma, making them hard, so-called scirrhous tumors.
What are malignant neoplasms that are composed of undifferentiated cells called?
anaplastic tumors
What is dysplasia?
loss in the uniformity of individual cells and in their architectural orientation. Dyplastic cells exhibit considerable pleomorphism and often possesss hypercrhomatic nuclei that are abnormally large.
If a tumor lacks a capsule, is it malignant?
not necessarily.
How do malignant neoplasms disseminate?
- seeding within body cavities
- lymphatic spread (carcinomas)
- hematogenous spread (sarcomas)
What is a sentinal lymph node?
first regional lymph node that recieves lymph flow from a primary tumor.
How is xeroderma pigmentosum inherited/
it is an autosomal recessive syndrome of defective DNA repair
What are the 4 primary types of genes that can result in cancer if mutated?
- growth-promotoing proto-oncogenes,
- growth-inhibiting tumor suppressor genes
- genes that regulate apoptosis
- genes involved in DNA repair