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transport > road safety > Flashcards

road safety Flashcards

1
Q

What is the risk of transportation?

A
  • Accidents can happen
  • Due to weather, car failure but often avoidable and due to drivers taking excessive risk
  • Speeding fatigue and drunk driving
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2
Q

What percentage of drivers who had a crash due to drunk driving

A
  • 40% of fatal crashes in the U in 2003, 114 bn in cost
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3
Q

What does research say about the main factors of accidents?

A
  • Gray et al most involved young male drivers
  • did an analysis on 54k accidents involving serious injury
  • accidents often involve a male of the age 18-25
  • Accidents occur on roads with higher speed limits  especially on single carriage roads
  • Most likely in dry conditions and weekends/night time
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4
Q

Whats the issue with reducing risk of accidents

A
  • It is costly –. Lower speed means more travel time
  • Expensive equipment
  • Enforcement requires resources
  • Trade-off: There are benefits to taking more risks (higher speed save travel time), but increases the chance of an accident
  • Removing risk entirely is too costly
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5
Q

Draw the diagram which displays the driver choice of speed

A
  • The curvy diagram
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6
Q

why is intervention needed in terms of road safety?

is there an externality

A
  • Drivers take too much risk don’t consider all the cost the accident may cause
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7
Q

Why do driver fail to consider all the cost of an accident?

A
  • Cost of the accident are partly external
  • May injure themselves by can injury other drivers and pedestrians
  • They underestimate risk  they think they are fitter than they actually are
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8
Q

What are tools used to ensure that driver internalize cost of accidents

A
  • Insurance
  • Regulation
  • Mandating safety devices in cars
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9
Q

What is the purpose of car insurance?

A
  1. Provide an effective way to cover risk associated to driving
  2. Make individuals internalize cost of accidents they may cause
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10
Q

How does car insurance work?

A
  • Pooling risk of accidents from many drivers
  • Risk of accidents are uncorrelated across drivers  everyone pays a premium, since relatively few have severe accidents the premium will cover the large costs
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11
Q

What are the caveats of car insurance

A
  • Moral hazard: drivers will now take more unnecessary risks since they know the insurance will pay for any damage
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12
Q

How does car insurance discourage drivers from taking too much risk?

A
  • Bonus system: premium goes down every year if you do not make claims
  • Pay-as-drive: pay less if you drive less
  • Video recording of driving : greater control on individual behaviour
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13
Q

What does studies show about the effect of introduction of safety devices in the US

A
  • Pelztsman 1947-1972
  • There is no significant effect of safety devices on road accident death for car occupant
  • Increase risk of injury for non occupants due to compensating behaviour
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14
Q

What policy did authorities do, to minimize the cost of accidents?

A
  • Mandate the adoption of safety features in cars

- Enforce it with penalties  wearing front seat belts is compulsory since 1983

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15
Q

What is the positive effect of safety features in cars?

A
  • Sear belts prevent ejection from vehicle

- Reduce serious injury in an accident

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16
Q

Is the probability of accidents exogenous?

A

not exogenous they depend on the drivers behaviour:

  • Driver behaviour: they speed which would proportionally affect the seriousness of the injury
  • People drive faster they have a seat belt – compensating behaviour  worse effect on bystanders as a result
17
Q

What is compensating behaviour?

A
  • Where the implementation of safety in cars, would compensate for the extra risk a driver would take when taking a journey
18
Q

What does compensate behaviour mean for safety devices

A
  • Suggest the overall impact on injuries could be lower if there were no compensating behaviour
19
Q

What do studies state about the effect of safety devices on road accidents?

A
  • Peltzman 1975
  • Stated there is no significant effect of safety devices on road accident death for occupants
  • Increase in risk of injury for non-occupants and bystanders
  • Shower compensating behaviour is true
20
Q

What does new studies show about safety devices?

A
  • Cohen and Einac 2003
  • Provide recent evident of the effect of safety belt
  • Positive effect: reduction in injuries of driver
  • No evidence of the belt usage led to an increase in injuries to non-occupants
21
Q

What do old studies state about the effect of speed limits?

A
  • Keeler 1994
  • No reduction in fatalities in rural areas
  • Some effect in urban areas
  • Explained by Offsetting behaviour: they are more willing to take risk if they expect other driver to more careful
  • Enforcement: for speed limits to survive they need to be credibly enforced
  • Congestion: reduces speed and reduces the variance of speed (everyone drives at a similar speed)
22
Q

What do recent studies state about the effect of speed limits

A
  • Tang 2017
  • provides evidence on the effectiveness of speed cameras reducing the number of serious accidents
  • Data taken from large sample of speed camera in Great Britain
23
Q

What is the idea of enforcing speed limits?

A
  • Compare accidents along a stretch of road encompassing a camera
  • Compare the effect of a camera on a road relative to a similar road with no cameras
  • Called the difference-in-difference strategy  allows for cameras to be on roads with higher risk of accidents
24
Q

What do statistics say about the effectiveness of speed-cameras?

A
  • Reduces the annual number of accidents by 0.42 in the 100m closest to the location of installation
  • Reduce serious injuries by 20 percent
  • 50% reduction in accident deaths
25
Q

What does data suggest about ‘drink driving’, being a cause of crashes?

A

40% of car crashes in the US in 2013 was due to drunk driving
- this as a result cost the economy114bn dollars
supported by studies from the Netherlands, showing how costly it is

26
Q

How effective were polices in reducing ‘drink driving’?

A

very effective, since introducing 400% more breath tests it leads to a 40% in drivers caught with excess alcohol in their blood.
However, when these tests were by 50%, drivers caught increased by 70%

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