road pricing in Urban areas: applications Flashcards
when is the 1st example of road pricing
India in the 4th century BC
How did the LEZ impact congestion
congestion reduced by 26%
- chargable vehicles reduced by 31%
how did residents in 2007 respond to the idea of a congestion charge
Residents and local businesses did not like it
- residents didnt have to pay anything
- so its most likely ideological issues
what is needed for a policy to survive
public support
- accetability –> where there should be a compensated alternative for the losers
- a good public transport system in place –> 200 new buses for TFL
what the 2 unsuccessful implementations of congestion
Edingbrough
referedum 2005: rejected the scheme by 3:1 ratio
- mostly car owners
- referedum took b4 implementation (no tester)
Manchester:
referedum of congestion charge in 2008
- large rejection
- rejection is said to be due to poor alternatives to car travel –> compensation is essential
what is a cordon scheme?
is it 1st best or second best
common trait of congestion schemes
- users pay a daily charge to drive into a area, irresective of the distance they travel
- 1st best pricing would alter based on distance, time and traffic so this is 2ND BEST PRICING
how did Singapore implement road pricing
in 1975
- manual gates –> electric gates later
- no referendum/ purely based on the government
———————-
Government ensure public is compensated:
- revenue neutrality: money raised used to cut car taxes
- variation in price over time and by zone:
- improve traffic conditions NOT just to raise revenue
how did Stockholm implement road pricing?
introducd in 2007
- covers central city and charge vary by time of day
- enforced using cameras
- trial: period lasted 6 months in 2006 b4 referedum
was stockholm use of a trial succesful
YES
traffic dropped by 20%:
- remained 10% loer after the trail
Imporvement made to public transport:
- before referedum was made –> compensation to users were made
Public support increased after trial
- trail allow public to see benefits of the trail
why would counties around Stockholm vote against a price
lower population densitiy:
- so lower availability of public transport –> so cant use other forms transport like walking and biking
**In order to increase the chances that the public accepts congestion charges, it is advisable to
Organize a trial of the policy prior to asking the public
how did Milan implement road pricing? and how did they change it?
introduced in 2008
- intially charged the most polluting vehcicles
Changed to a congestion charge:
- 5 euros per vehicle regardless of emissions
was Milan road pricing policy ? did they face issues
no returns in terms of improved travel time
- effect is not clear
Yes:
legal challenges: from garage owners
- gov rejected most but 1 in 2012
–> later found that there was small increase in vehicle entries when the charge was lifted for small amount of time
LITTLE EFFECT:
for vehciles outside the charfed hours
