RNA Transcription and Translation, and Mutations Flashcards
Building blocks of proteins
amino acids
Unit of DNA that contains code for the creation of one protein
gene
Process of using a gene to make a gene product
gene expression
The process of making a protein
protein synthesis
Ribonucleic acid; single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis
RNA
Messenger RNA; molecule that carries the instructions from the DNA to the rest of the cell
mRNA
Ribosomal RNA; one of the molecules that makes up ribosomes
rRNA
Transfer RNA; molecule that carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to make protein
tRNA
Triplet (3) of bases in the mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid
codon
Inherited unit of DNA that codes for one protein
gene
Model for others to copy
template
Process of constructing messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA
transcription
Organelle responsible for making proteins
ribosome
One of three codons that does not code for an amino acid; it signifies the end of translation
stop codon
Process of reading the mRNA code in the ribosome to make a protein
translation
Change in the DNA sequence so that a base is deleted or added, causing the rest of the mRNA to be read incorrectly.
frameshift mutation
Chemicals in the environment that can cause a mutation
mutagens
A permanent change in the sequence of DNA.
mutation
Change in DNA where a single molecule is substituted for another.
point mutation
The process of DNA sending a message to the cytoplasm
transcription
Where is DNA located?
nucleus
Proteins are made on ___________________ in the cytoplasm
ribosomes
Information in a gene is converted into ___________, which carries the information to the ribosome
mRNA
In the nucleus, mRNA is created by using the _______________ in a gene as a template.
DNA
The process of reading the code of a mRNA to make a protein is called _______________
translation
Group of three nitrogen bases in RNA or DNA that is the genetic code word for a single amino acid or for a start or stop signal.
codons
List two ways that RNA is similar to DNA.
Both are made in the nucleus.
Both are nucleic acids, made of nucleotides.
Is it possible for different codons to code for the same amino acid?
yes
What is the purpose of stop codons?
It signals that the assembly of amino acids is over because the protein is complete.
What are the monomers (building blocks) of proteins?
amino acids
Give two examples of mutagens.
tobacco smoke, radiation, x-rays
What are three possible effects of a mutation on an organism?
Mutations may be harmful, helpful, or have no effect.
What is the “word” of three letters that tRNA reads from the mRNA?
codons
Codons are the codes for making specific _______________________ _________________.
amino acids
Which type of mutation?
A change in the DNA sequence that causes the rest of the mRNA to be read incorrectly.
frameshift mutation
Which type of mutation?
A change in a single nucleotide that may result in a frameshift mutation.
point mutation
Which type of mutation?
A point mutation in which one base is added
insertion
Which type of mutation?
A point mutation in which a single base is omitted
deletion
Which type of mutation?
A chromosomal mutation that results when a segment of DNA is lost from the sequence.
deletion
Which type of mutation?
A chromosomal mutation that results when two segments from different chromosomes change positions.
translocation
Which type of mutation?
A chromosomal mutation in which a segment of DNA is flipped and attached to the same chromosome.
inversion
Which type of mutation?
A chromosomal mutation in which DNA from one chromosome is added to another, unrelated chromosome
insertion
