RNA Interference in Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

RNAi

A

Down-regulation of gene expression by small RNA molecules that either inhibit translation or cause degradation of mRNAs of genes

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2
Q

miRNAs

A

Transcribed from genes

Targets mRNAs of specific gene or set of genes

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3
Q

miRNA production

A

Pri-miR has hairpin turns…cut by DROSHA…exported by exportin 5…pre-miR has hairpin cut by dicer…helicase unzips…incorporated into RISC

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4
Q

RISC mechanism

A

Incorporates a single strand of miRNA into its sequence…if completelely complementary targets for destruction…if almost completely complementary, represses translation

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5
Q

shRNAs

A

Short hairpin RNAs that can be introduced into the cell…bypasses the DROSHA and just cleaved by dicer

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6
Q

siRNAs come from where and miRNAs come from where

A

siRNAs from shRNAs and dsRNAs

miRNAs from pre-miRNA transcripts

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7
Q

Mediate RNAi by

A

Introducing processed miRNAs and siRNAs into cells…bypasses DROSHA and dicer

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8
Q

miRNAs can come from

A

Individual genes or from introns…after removed from introns, cut by DROSHA and dicer and used as miRNA

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9
Q

miRNAs can be altered in

A

Cancers

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10
Q

miRNAs down regulated in cancers and how to treat

A

Ones that function to decrease expression of proliferation proteins like RAS…can artifically over-express miRNA to fix this

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11
Q

miRNAs up regulated in cancers and how to treat

A

Ones that decrease tumor suppressor proteins…inhibt these miRNAs

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12
Q

Antagomirs

A

anti-miRNAs

Can block activity of an miRNA of a dz

Perfectly complementary to the miRNA that you want to block

Bind to single strand form

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13
Q

siRNAs can be administered how in order to get to one area?

A

Conjugated to a certain molecule

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14
Q

single RNAi treatment is good for

A

2 weekas

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15
Q

siRNAs are stabilized by modifying what and why

A

Methylating or fluorinating that 2’OH in order to make it unrecognizable to ribonucleases

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16
Q

AAV delivered therapies

A

shRNAs inside and DNA is episomal so avoid integrating into the genome

Will not be passed from cell to cell

Good at going to many cells in the body

Long lasting in a give ncell

17
Q

RNAi to block plasma cholesterol

A

Use antagomir against miR-122

miR-122 reduces expression of DNA binding proteins that inhibits transcription of cholesterol biosyntehsis genes, resulting in higher cholesterol biosyntehsis

18
Q

RNAi is particularly good for

A

Dominant-negative dz (many neurodegen dzs)

19
Q

How to tell if dz is dom-negative

A

If you put normal protein back in and disease symptoms still present

20
Q

Direct delivery of genes

A

Therapeutic gene packaged into virus and injected into the patient

21
Q

Cell-based delivery of genes

A

Therapeutic gene inserted into virus…grown in culture with some type of stem cell…reintroduced into patient…allows amplification

22
Q

Benefits of AAVs

A

No disease association and provoke limited innate immunity

23
Q

Retroviruses

A

Have genomes of single-stranded RNA

24
Q

Reverse transcriptase is

A

RNA-dependent DNA polymerase

Most replication polymerases are DNA-dependent DNA polymerase

25
Q

How can you restrict expression of inserted genes?

A

Use a tissue specific promotor

26
Q

Gene therapy would NOT work in

A

Dominant negative disease

27
Q

Gene therapy works great with

A

Loss of function disease

28
Q

Gene therapy of CF

A

inhale AAV with gene sequence…infects lung cells and now grow normally

29
Q

Gene therapy for blood clotting

A

Liver chosen as target because where most serum proteins are made (Factor 8)

30
Q

Gene therapy in diabetes

A

Transfers gene that make cells differentiate into missing pancreas B-cells…remove cells, induce, transplant

31
Q

Gene therapy for ADA-SCID

A

Remove T cells and infect T cells with retrovirus…Use ADA cDNA, will correct gene…amplify and transplant

Toxic level of adenosine and deoxyadenosine decreases

32
Q

Gene therapy for choroideremia

A

CHM gene mutation…gene into a virus and injected beneath the retina

33
Q

Retinitis pigmentoasa

A

Inherited degen dz in which photoreceptor cells die

34
Q

Retinitis pigmentosum gene therapy

A

Use PEDF (pigment epithelium-derived factor) which is a growth factor in order to induce growht

35
Q

Oncolytic virus mechnaisms

A

Oncolytic virus replicates in cancer cells…cancer cells rupture and then virus can infect other cells thus amplifying the effect…cannot replicate in normal cells