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DMD 5242 > RNA and protein synthesis (complete) > Flashcards

RNA and protein synthesis (complete) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Three main differences between DNA and RNA

A
  1. Bases (T in DNA, U in RNA)
  2. The 2nd carbon of the sugar (oxidated in RNA, Deoxidated in DNA)
  3. RNA is usually single stranded DNA is double stranded
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2
Q

What are the three types of RNA

A
  1. tRNA
  2. rRNA
  3. mRNA
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3
Q

How do you differentiate between template and non template strands

A

the template strand is the DNA strand that Actually has the new DNA/RNA strand base pairing to it for a moment.

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4
Q

How does the non-template strand of DNA compare to the DNA/RNA that is transcribed from it

A

it will be identical to the new daughter DNA strand (nearly identical to the new daughter RNA strand just with U and T switched)

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5
Q

What are the other names for the non-template strand

A

the gene
coding strand
sense strand

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6
Q

What are the other names of the template strand

A

non-coding strand

antisense strand

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7
Q

What is mRNA and what does it do

A

it is messenger RNA and it codes for specific amino acid sequences to be put together into proteins

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8
Q

What is a codon

A

a three base pair region on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid

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9
Q

is prokaryotic mRNA poly or monocistronic

A

polycistronic (mRNA contains information for more than one polypeptide)

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10
Q

is eukaryotic mRNA poly or monocistronic

A

monocistronic (each mRNA strand only codes for one polypeptide)

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11
Q

What is tRNA and what does it do

A

Transfer RNA

it binds specific Amino acids, and recognizes proper mRNA codons to deliver the appropriate amino acid

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12
Q

What are the parts of tRNA

A
  1. Acceptor stem

2. anticodon looop

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13
Q

What does the acceptor stem of tRNA do

A

binds a specific amino acid

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14
Q

what does the anticodon loop of tRNA do

A

reads the codon of the mRNA, binds to it, delivering the appropriate amino acid in the sequence

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15
Q

What is rRNA and what does it do

A

ribosomal RNA

it makes up 65% of the ribosome, it is the catalytic region of the ribosome

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16
Q

Which types of RNA are read and used to create proteins

A

only mRNA

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17
Q

What is RNA transcription

A

Using a segment of DNA to create RNA

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18
Q

in which direction is RNA and DNA synthesized

A

the 5’ to 3’ direction

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19
Q

in which direction do the polymerases read the template strand

A

the 3’ to 5’ direction

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20
Q

do prokaryotic RNA polymerases require a primer

A

nope

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21
Q

do prokaryotic RNA polymerases have exonuclease activity (proofreading)

A

nope

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22
Q

how does RNA transcription in prokaryotes happen

A
  1. Sigma binds to the promotor region (-10, -35)
  2. sigma recruits RNA polymerase 3 (this is the holoenzyme sigma+RNA polymerase 3)
  3. sigma opens the DNA helix
  4. RNA polymerase 3 begins to add RNA bases
  5. Sigma releases
  6. mRNA synthesis continues until the RNA polymerase 3 reaches the transcription termination region of DNA
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23
Q

What does sigma do in prokaryotic RNA transcription

A

it binds to the promoter region of DNA

10 and 35 base units upstream of the start codon

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24
Q

is sigma used in eukaryotic RNA transcription

A

no

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25
Q

What makes up the holoenzyme in prokaryotic RNA transcription

A

Sigma and RNA polymerase 3

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26
Q

What opens the DNA double helix in prokaryotic RNA transcription

A

sigma

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27
Q

what happens to sigma after RNA polymerase 3 begins adding bases and synthesizing mRNA

A

it leaves

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28
Q

What are the three main RNA polymerases in eukaryotic, and what is their function

A

RNA polymerase 1 - rRNA
RNA polymerase 2- mRNA
RNA polymerase 3 - tRNA

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29
Q

is prokaryotic RNA processed

A

no

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30
Q

is eukaryotic RNA processed

A

highly

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31
Q

what is involved in eukaryotic rRNA processing

A

preribosomal rRNAs are cleaved by ribonucleases into the three ribosomal RNAs

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32
Q

What is involved in eukaryotic tRNA processing

A
  1. 5’ end is cleaved off
  2. certain bases are modified
  3. a portion of the anticodon loop is removed
33
Q

What is involved in eukaryotic mRNA processing

A
  1. 5’ capping
  2. 3’ polyadenylation
  3. intron splicing
34
Q

What is 5’ capping

A

addition of guanosine to the 5’ end

35
Q

what is the purpose of 5’ capping

A
  1. make the mRNA more stable
  2. assist in the mRNA leaving the nucleus
  3. assists in mRNA translation to protein
36
Q

What is 3’ polyadenylation

A

the addition of many AAA’s to the 3’ end of mRNA

37
Q

What is the purpose of 3’ poly AAAA tail

A
  1. transcription termination
  2. helps in translation
  3. mRNA stability
  4. assists in mRNA leaving the nucleus
38
Q

What is intron splicing

A

the removal of introns (non-coding parts of mRNA)

39
Q

which are kept in the mRNA, introns or exons

A

exons

40
Q

What enzyme does intron splicing

A

splicosome

41
Q

what are the two things the splicosome does in removing introns

A
  1. exonuclease activity (cuts)

2. ligase activity (binds two mRNA ends together)

42
Q

What is alternative intron splicing

A

two or more proteins can be made from one mRNA because some exons can also be removed during intron splicing if the exon is between two introns it can be removed with them

43
Q

can viral RNA be used to make DNA

A

yep

44
Q

What is a codon

A

a triplet of nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid

45
Q

What does it mean that the genetic code is degenerate

A

one codon can only generate one specific amino acid, but one amino acid can be generated from different codons

46
Q

What is the start codon

A

AUG (ATG in the coding strand of DNA)

47
Q

What are the stop codons

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

48
Q

how many potential reading frames are there for RNA

A

3

49
Q

how many potential reading frames are there for DNA

A

6 (3 for each single strand)

50
Q

What determines which reading frame will be used

A

the location of the start codon

51
Q

how many possible codons are there

A

64 (4 nucleotides in groups of 3)

52
Q

What are the different types of DNA mutations

A
  1. silent mutations
  2. missense mutations
  3. nonsense mutations
  4. splice site mutations
  5. frameshift mutations
53
Q

What is a silent mutation

A

a change in a codon that doesn’t result in a different amino acid

54
Q

what is a missense mutation

A

a change in a codon that does result in a different amino acid

55
Q

what is a nonsense mutation

A

a change in a codon that results in an early stop codon

56
Q

what is a splicesite mutation

A

it alters the way introns are removed

57
Q

what is a framshift mutation

A

one or two nucletide addition or deletion that causes the reading frame to shift. from the point of the mutation on, every amino acid will be affected.

58
Q

what is the wobble effect of tRNA anticodon binding to mRNA codon

A

the first two bases in the tRNA bind tightly to the first two bases in the mRNA, but the last one doesn’t have to be a perfect match

59
Q

what does the wobble effect allow

A

it allows one anticodon (tRNA) to be able to bind to multiple mRNA codons

60
Q

what are the parts of the ribosome

A

large and small subunit

61
Q

what does the ribosome do

A

brings mRNA and tRNA together and puts the amino acid chain together

62
Q

What are the 4 steps of protein synthesis

A
  1. activation of amino acids
  2. initiation
  3. elongation
  4. termination
63
Q

what is activation of amino acids

A

when aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases put an amino acid on the appropriate tRNA

64
Q

what is the enzyme that adds amino acids to the appropriate tRNA

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

65
Q

how does the initiation step of protein synthesis go

A
  1. IF 3 and IF 1 are bound to the small ribosomal subunit
  2. small subunit binds to the shine delgarno sequence of mRNA
  3. Fmet-tRNA hooks onto the codon (with help of IF 2)
  4. all three initiation factors leave
  5. large subunit binds to the small subunit and mRNA
66
Q

what is the shine delgarno sequence of mRNA

A

a purine rich sequence upstream of the start codon to which the small subunit binds

67
Q

what is the function of IF1 (initiation factor 1)

A

prevent premature binding of a tRNA to the A site of the ribosome

68
Q

what is the function of the IF 3 (initiation factor 3)

A

prevents premature assembly of the small and large subunit

69
Q

what is the function of IF 2 (initiation factor 2)

A

helps tRNA fMET get to the p site

70
Q

What are the three sites of the ribosome

A

A site
P site
E site

71
Q

What happens at the A site of ribosomes

A

new tRNAs enter

72
Q

What happens at the P site of ribosomes

A

Peptide bonds are formed between amino acids that are in the A and P sites

73
Q

what happens at the E site of ribosomes

A

the used up tRNA’s leave

74
Q

What are polysomes

A

when several ribosomes are translating the same mRNA strand

75
Q

what is coupled transcription/translation

A

when an mRNA is being transcribed from DNA, and at the same time a ribosome is translating it into a protein

76
Q

Does coupled transcription/translation happen in eukaryotes

A

nope, only in prokaryotes

77
Q

What causes termination of protein synthesis

A
  1. stop codon reaches the A site

2. release factors enter

78
Q

what do release factors do

A
  1. cause polypeptide to be released

2. cause the ribosome to dissociate

DMD 5242 (10 decks)

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