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DMD 5242 > ETC / OxPhos (complete) > Flashcards

ETC / OxPhos (complete) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the energy currency in the cell

A

ATP

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2
Q

What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic processes

A

Anabolic processes build up things and use energy

Catabolic processes break things down, and produce energy

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3
Q

What are the three different phases of cellular respiration

A
  1. Nutrient catabolism
  2. Citrate/Krebs cycle
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation
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4
Q

what is nutrient catabolism

A

the breakdown of molecules, and preparation of them to enter the krebs cycle

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5
Q

What is the main precursor to the citrate cycle

A

Acetyl-CoA

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6
Q

What is the main function of the citrate cycle

A

to produce ATP and reducing agents (NADH, FADH)

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7
Q

is the citrate cycle better at producing ATP or reducing agents

A

reducing agents

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8
Q

Which metabolic fuels are converted into Acetyl-CoA before entering the Krebs cycle

A
  1. glucose
  2. ketones
  3. fatty acids
  4. Some amino acids
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9
Q

Which metabolic fuels don’t need to be converted into Acetyl-CoA before entering the Krebs cycle

A

some amino acids

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10
Q

how many NADH, FADH, and ATP does one cycle of the Krebs cycle produce

A

3 NADH
1 FADH
1 ATP

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11
Q

How many ATP does one cycle of the krebs cycle lead to (after the NADH and FADH go through ETC/OxPhos

A

10

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12
Q

For a glucose molecule in aerobic conditions how many cycles of the krebs cycle do we get

A

2

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13
Q

for a ketone how many cycles of the krebs cycle do we get

A

2

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14
Q

For Beta Oxidation how many NADH’s FADH’s and Acetyl-CoA’s do we get

A

you take the number of carbons in the fatty acid, divide that number by two. that is the number of Acetyl-CoA’s you get.
Take the number of carbons in the fatty acid, divide that number by two, then subtract one from that number. that is the number of FADH, and NADH you get

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15
Q

How many ATPs do you get from the beta oxidation of palmitate

A

106.

Don’t forget to subtract 2 for charging the fatty acid

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16
Q

What are the intermediates of the Krebs cycle

A 
Acetyl-CoA
Citrate
Isocitrate
alpha-ketoglutarate
Succinyl-CoA
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate 
Oxaloacetate
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17
Q

Which of the steps of the krebs cycle are irreversable

A

Citrate synthase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

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18
Q

What is the citrate synthase step

A

the step of taking oxaloacetate and Acetyl-CoA and making Citrate

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19
Q

What are the regulators of citrate synthase

A

None, but it is indirectly impacted by high levels of NADH

(this lowers Oxaloacetate and Acetyl-CoA

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20
Q

What is the isocitrate dehydrogenase step

A

the step that creates NADH and CO2

goes from isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate

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21
Q

What are the regulators of isocitrate dehydrogenase

A

ATP, and NADH (high energy in the cell will inhibit the krebs cycle)

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22
Q

What is the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase step

A

The second step that creates NADH and CO2

goes from alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA

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23
Q

What are the inhibitors of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

A

ATP/GTP and NADH

24
Q

what is the purpose of the Electron transport system, and oxidative phosphorylation

A

to Use FADH and NADH to create ATP

25
Q

where is oxidative phosphorylation occuring

A

the inner mitochondrial membrane

26
Q

What is the electron transport system and what does it do

A

it is the transport of electrons from NADH, or FADH until they are used to reduce O2 to H2O. (it forms the H+ gradient)

27
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation

A

the generation of ATP by ATP synthase using the H+ gradient established by the electron transport system

28
Q

How many complexes are there in the ETS

A

4

29
Q

What are the two transporters in the ETS

A 
ubiquinone (CoQ)
Cytochrome C (Cyt C)
30
Q

What happens at complex one of the ETS

A
  1. NADH donates 2 electrons

2. pumps 4 hydrogens

31
Q

What happens after complex one of the ETS

A

the 2 electrons go to ubiquinone

32
Q

What happens at complex two of the ETS

A
  1. FADH donates 2 electrons

2. , No hydrogen is pumped

33
Q

What happens after complex two of the ETS

A

the 2 electrons go to ubiquinone

34
Q

What happens with the electrons in ubiquinone

A

they are donated to complex 3

35
Q

What happens at complex three

A

2 protons are pumped

electrons are moved to Cyt C

36
Q

What happens to the electrons that Cyt C has

A

they are donated to complex 4

37
Q

what happens at complex 4 of the ETS

A
  1. 4 protons are pumped

2. protons received from Cyt c are added to O2 to create H2O

38
Q

how many H2O are produced from each NADH and FADH that goes through the ETS

A

2 per each NADH

2 per each FADH

39
Q

What are the two sections of ATP synthase

A

F (knot) - imbedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

F 1 -extends into the mitochondrial membrane

40
Q

what are the parts of the F (knot)portion of ATP synthase

A

c subunits
a subunit
gamma subunit

41
Q

what is the function of the c subunits of the F (knot) portion of ATP synthase

A

form a protein rotor that rotates as proteins bind from the intermembrane space

42
Q

What is the function of the a subunit of the F (knot) portion of the ATP synthase

A

this is next to the c subunits, it creates the channel through which H+ moves into the mitochondrial matrix

43
Q

What is the function of the y subunit of the F (knot) portion of the ATP synthase

A

the connecting portion between F (knot) and F1 sections. maintains the turning of the c subunits

44
Q

what are the parts of the F 1 portion of atp synthase

A

alpha and beta subunits

45
Q

What is the function of the alpha and beta subunits of the F 1 portion of ATP synthase

A

bind ADP and Pi and catalyzes the synthesis of ATP

46
Q

for each ATP formed by ATP synthase, how many H+ are pumped through ATP synthase

A

4

47
Q

why do we need ATP and ADP to move in and out of the mitochondria

A

ATP needs to leave to supply energy to the cell

ADP needs to enter so that ATP can be made by ATP synthase

48
Q

since the mitochondrial membranes are impermeable to ions, how do we move ATP and ADP in and out of the mitochondria

A

transmembrane proteins

49
Q

what are the transmembrane proteins that transport ATP out of the mitochondria and ADP into the mitochondria

A

ANT (Adenine nucleotide translocase)

VDAC (Voltage-Dependent anion channel)

50
Q

What is the difference between ANT and VDAC

A

ANT is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane, it allows ATP out from the matrix into the intermembrane space, and ADP from the intermembrane space into the matrix
VDAC is found on the outer mitochondrial membrane, it allows ATP to go from the intermembrane space out to the cytosol, and ADP from the cytosol into the intermembrane space

51
Q

Can NAD/NADH diffuse across the mitochondrial membranes

A

nope

52
Q

What are the two types of NADH shuttles

A

Malate-Aspartate Shuttle

Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle

53
Q

How does the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle work

A
  1. NADH in the cytosol is converted into NAD, and reduces Oxaloacetate into Malate
  2. Malate is shuttled into the Mitochondial matrix through the Malate transporter
  3. Malate is reoxidized to oxaloacetate and reduces NAD+ to NADH in the mitochondrial matrix
  4. Oxaloacetate is then converted into aspartate in the matrix
  5. aspartate leaves the mitochondrial matrix through the aspartate transporter and enters the cytosol
  6. Aspartate then is reconverted to oxaloacetate in the cytosol
54
Q

Why doesn’t oxaloacetate just move straight through the mitochondrial membranes in the malate-aspartate shuttle and cut out the process of converting back and forth with aspartate

A

because there are no oxaloacetate transporters

55
Q

how does the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle work for transporting NAD/NADH into the mitochondrial matrix?

A
  1. NADH in the cytosol is converted to NAD during synthesis of glycerol-3-P using Cystolic Glycerol 3-P DH
  2. Glycerol-3-P moves into the intermembrane space
  3. Glycerol-3-P is oxidized by mitochondrial G3P DH (creating FADH2)
  4. Dehydroxyacetone phosphate leaves the mitochondria
  5. Glycerol 3-P acts like complex two of the ETS and transfers its FADH2 electons to Ubiquinone
56
Q

What is the main difference between the malate aspartate shuttle and the Glycerol-3-P shuttle

A

the malate aspartate conserves the energy better because it takes an NADH in the cytosol and gets an NADH in the mitochondrial matrix.
the glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle doesn’t conserve energy as well because it takes an NADH in the cytosol and gives you an FADH in the mitochondria.

57
Q

how much less energy do you get from the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle than the malate aspartate shuttle

A

1 less ATP

DMD 5242 (10 decks)

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