RM1 revision from term 1 and 2 Flashcards
what is quantitative data?
data that is numerical.
what is qualitative data?
data that is made up of letters.
what are the two types of random sampling?
simple random sampling and stratified random sampling.
why is random sampling uncommon in psychological research?
It would be too time consuming and expensive to choose from everyone in a population.
what is stratified random sampling?
splitting the population into meaningful groups and then conducting simple random sampling.
what are the types of non-random sampling?
voluntary sampling, snowball sampling and convenience sampling.
what is voluntary sampling and how can it lead to snowball sampling?
participants choose themselves (e.g. by answering to an advert). if participants persuade friends and family to partake then this is snowball sampling.
what is convenience sampling?
this is when we choose participants who are easily accessible to us.
Is random sampling or non-random sampling more representative?
random sampling.
what are the factors that influence your decision on your sample size?
- the extent you want to be confident with your results
- nature of the variables measured
- size and homogeneity of the population
- required precision of results
what is an extraneous variable?
variables that can potentially affect the relationship between the DV and the IV
what is a confounding variable?
an extraneous variable turns into a confounding variable when it differs systematically with the independent variable
what are demand characteristics?
when the participants guess the hypothesis of the study. and act to in a different way.
what are experimenter effects?
experimenter desire to support the hypothesis affects their behaviour (consciously or un-consciously)
what is a between groups design?
This is when 2 separate groups partake in both conditions.
what are the advantages of a between groups design?
there are no order effects and less drop out rate.
what is a within groups design?
1 group does both conditions
what are the advantages of a within groups design?
it requires less participants and the effect of individual differences is lessened
how do we solve carryover effects in in-between groups design
by counterbalancing. split the participants into 2 groups and have 1 group do condition A and then condition B and the other group vise versa
what is reaction time
the time between a stimulus being presented and the participant to make a response
what are the 3 elements of reaction time?
perception, processing, produce response
what do reaction times tell us?
produce an indirect measure of mental processes. and the effect of different stimuli affect reaction time.
what is simple reaction time?
1 stimulus, 1 response
what is choice reaction time?
more than 1 stimulus, each has its own specific response
what is discriminant reaction time?
more than 1 stimulus, but the participant only has to respond to one
what is the difference between Functional and Structural brain imaging
functional imaging is used to see brain processes when a task is bring performed. whereas structural imaging is used to identify different anatomical parts of the brain
what does a PET scan stand for
positron emission tomography
how does a PET scan work
by injecting a radioactive substance that mimics glucose and detecting gamma rays.
how does the subtraction method in a PET scan work
the participant will ask to carry out a control task. the control task will find the participants baseline brain activity. this is then subtracted from the brain activity in the cognitive task.
what are the advantages of PET scans
creates highly spatial resolution images of the brain
what are the disadvantages of PET scans
poor temporal resolution and it is invasive
what does fMRI scan for
functional magnetic resonance imaging
how does fMRI scan work
brain regions that are active require oxygenated blood. oxygenated blood outputs a different signal to deoxygenated blood.
what are the advantages of fMRI scans
less invasive than PET scans
better spatial resolution
what are the disadvantages of fMRI scans
poor temporal resolution
what does TMS stand for
transcranial magnetic stimulation
how does TMS work
by inhibiting the neurons in the brain. and measuring the change is task when there is stimulation and when there is no stimulation
what does EEG stand for
electrophencephalography
how does EEG work
electrodes are connected to the scalp. detects small changes in voltage.
what is thematic analysis?
Thematic analysis is a method of identifying, analysing and reporting patterns (themes) within data. it minimally organises and describes the data in rich detail
what is an inductive thematic analysis?
this form on thematic analysis is data driven. this means that the process of coding occurs without trying to fit the data into a pre-existing theory or framework.
what is deductive thematic analysis
Deductive approaches can involve seeking to identify themes identified in other research in the data-set or using existing theory as a lens through which to organise, code and interpret the data.
what is a theme in thematic analysis?
It represents some level of patterned response or meaning within the data set.
what is a semantic approach to thematic analysis?
A semantic level looks to the surface of the dialogue in an interview for themes
what is a latent approach to thematic analysis?
A latent approach looks at the underlying ideas, assumptions and conceptualisations within the data
in thematic analysis, why is transcribing the data important?
It allows the researcher to familiarise themselves with the data.
what is a quasi experiment
a study where the researcher cannot randomly allocate the participants to the conditions of the IV.
what is a true experiment?
those involving manipulation of the IV and the random allocation of participants to each condition. the only design that allows investigation of causal relationships
what is a type 1 error?
a type 1 error is a false positive and occurs when a researcher incorrectly rejects a true null hypothesis. This means that your report that your findings are significant when in fact they have occurred by chance
what is a type 2 error?
A type II error is also known as a false negative and occurs when a researcher fails to reject a null hypothesis which is really false. Here a researcher concludes there is not a significant effect, when actually there really is.
what are two examples of data files that are binary?
excel and word file
what is an example of a data file that is text?
comma separated variable file (demo.csv)
what is a program file that is text?
R-script (RM1.walkthrough.R)
what is a program file that is binary?
Executable program (eg word.exe)
give examples of text files
.txt .R .CSV .py .html
what are the BPS ethical principles?
competence, integrity, respect and responsibility
what are the subcategories for the ethical principle of respect?
general respect. privacy and confidentiality. informed consent. self-determination.
what are the subcategories of the ethical principle of competence?
awareness of professional ethics. ethical decision making. recognises limits of competence. recognising impairment
what are the subcategories of the ethical principle of responsibility?
general responsibilities. termination and continuity of care. protection of research participants. debriefing of research participants
what are the subcategories of the ethical principle of integrity?
honesty and accuracy. avoiding exploitation and conflicts of interest. maintaining personal boundaries. Addressing Ethical Misconduct.
