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psychology > RM1 revision from term 1 and 2 > Flashcards

RM1 revision from term 1 and 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is quantitative data?

A

data that is numerical.

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2
Q

what is qualitative data?

A

data that is made up of letters.

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3
Q

what are the two types of random sampling?

A

simple random sampling and stratified random sampling.

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4
Q

why is random sampling uncommon in psychological research?

A

It would be too time consuming and expensive to choose from everyone in a population.

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5
Q

what is stratified random sampling?

A

splitting the population into meaningful groups and then conducting simple random sampling.

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6
Q

what are the types of non-random sampling?

A

voluntary sampling, snowball sampling and convenience sampling.

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7
Q

what is voluntary sampling and how can it lead to snowball sampling?

A

participants choose themselves (e.g. by answering to an advert). if participants persuade friends and family to partake then this is snowball sampling.

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8
Q

what is convenience sampling?

A

this is when we choose participants who are easily accessible to us.

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9
Q

Is random sampling or non-random sampling more representative?

A

random sampling.

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10
Q

what are the factors that influence your decision on your sample size?

A
  1. the extent you want to be confident with your results
  2. nature of the variables measured
  3. size and homogeneity of the population
  4. required precision of results
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11
Q

what is an extraneous variable?

A

variables that can potentially affect the relationship between the DV and the IV

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12
Q

what is a confounding variable?

A

an extraneous variable turns into a confounding variable when it differs systematically with the independent variable

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13
Q

what are demand characteristics?

A

when the participants guess the hypothesis of the study. and act to in a different way.

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14
Q

what are experimenter effects?

A

experimenter desire to support the hypothesis affects their behaviour (consciously or un-consciously)

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15
Q

what is a between groups design?

A

This is when 2 separate groups partake in both conditions.

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16
Q

what are the advantages of a between groups design?

A

there are no order effects and less drop out rate.

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17
Q

what is a within groups design?

A

1 group does both conditions

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18
Q

what are the advantages of a within groups design?

A

it requires less participants and the effect of individual differences is lessened

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19
Q

how do we solve carryover effects in in-between groups design

A

by counterbalancing. split the participants into 2 groups and have 1 group do condition A and then condition B and the other group vise versa

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20
Q

what is reaction time

A

the time between a stimulus being presented and the participant to make a response

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21
Q

what are the 3 elements of reaction time?

A

perception, processing, produce response

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22
Q

what do reaction times tell us?

A

produce an indirect measure of mental processes. and the effect of different stimuli affect reaction time.

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23
Q

what is simple reaction time?

A

1 stimulus, 1 response

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24
Q

what is choice reaction time?

A

more than 1 stimulus, each has its own specific response

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25
Q

what is discriminant reaction time?

A

more than 1 stimulus, but the participant only has to respond to one

26
Q

what is the difference between Functional and Structural brain imaging

A

functional imaging is used to see brain processes when a task is bring performed. whereas structural imaging is used to identify different anatomical parts of the brain

27
Q

what does a PET scan stand for

A

positron emission tomography

28
Q

how does a PET scan work

A

by injecting a radioactive substance that mimics glucose and detecting gamma rays.

29
Q

how does the subtraction method in a PET scan work

A

the participant will ask to carry out a control task. the control task will find the participants baseline brain activity. this is then subtracted from the brain activity in the cognitive task.

30
Q

what are the advantages of PET scans

A

creates highly spatial resolution images of the brain

31
Q

what are the disadvantages of PET scans

A

poor temporal resolution and it is invasive

32
Q

what does fMRI scan for

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging

33
Q

how does fMRI scan work

A

brain regions that are active require oxygenated blood. oxygenated blood outputs a different signal to deoxygenated blood.

34
Q

what are the advantages of fMRI scans

A

less invasive than PET scans

better spatial resolution

35
Q

what are the disadvantages of fMRI scans

A

poor temporal resolution

36
Q

what does TMS stand for

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation

37
Q

how does TMS work

A

by inhibiting the neurons in the brain. and measuring the change is task when there is stimulation and when there is no stimulation

38
Q

what does EEG stand for

A

electrophencephalography

39
Q

how does EEG work

A

electrodes are connected to the scalp. detects small changes in voltage.

40
Q

what is thematic analysis?

A

Thematic analysis is a method of identifying, analysing and reporting patterns (themes) within data. it minimally organises and describes the data in rich detail

41
Q

what is an inductive thematic analysis?

A

this form on thematic analysis is data driven. this means that the process of coding occurs without trying to fit the data into a pre-existing theory or framework.

42
Q

what is deductive thematic analysis

A

Deductive approaches can involve seeking to identify themes identified in other research in the data-set or using existing theory as a lens through which to organise, code and interpret the data.

43
Q

what is a theme in thematic analysis?

A

It represents some level of patterned response or meaning within the data set.

44
Q

what is a semantic approach to thematic analysis?

A

A semantic level looks to the surface of the dialogue in an interview for themes

45
Q

what is a latent approach to thematic analysis?

A

A latent approach looks at the underlying ideas, assumptions and conceptualisations within the data

46
Q

in thematic analysis, why is transcribing the data important?

A

It allows the researcher to familiarise themselves with the data.

47
Q

what is a quasi experiment

A

a study where the researcher cannot randomly allocate the participants to the conditions of the IV.

48
Q

what is a true experiment?

A

those involving manipulation of the IV and the random allocation of participants to each condition. the only design that allows investigation of causal relationships

49
Q

what is a type 1 error?

A

a type 1 error is a false positive and occurs when a researcher incorrectly rejects a true null hypothesis. This means that your report that your findings are significant when in fact they have occurred by chance

50
Q

what is a type 2 error?

A

A type II error is also known as a false negative and occurs when a researcher fails to reject a null hypothesis which is really false. Here a researcher concludes there is not a significant effect, when actually there really is.

51
Q

what are two examples of data files that are binary?

A

excel and word file

52
Q

what is an example of a data file that is text?

A

comma separated variable file (demo.csv)

53
Q

what is a program file that is text?

A

R-script (RM1.walkthrough.R)

54
Q

what is a program file that is binary?

A

Executable program (eg word.exe)

55
Q

give examples of text files

A

.txt .R .CSV .py .html

56
Q

what are the BPS ethical principles?

A

competence, integrity, respect and responsibility

57
Q

what are the subcategories for the ethical principle of respect?

A

general respect. privacy and confidentiality. informed consent. self-determination.

58
Q

what are the subcategories of the ethical principle of competence?

A

awareness of professional ethics. ethical decision making. recognises limits of competence. recognising impairment

59
Q

what are the subcategories of the ethical principle of responsibility?

A

general responsibilities. termination and continuity of care. protection of research participants. debriefing of research participants

60
Q

what are the subcategories of the ethical principle of integrity?

A

honesty and accuracy. avoiding exploitation and conflicts of interest. maintaining personal boundaries. Addressing Ethical Misconduct.

psychology (4 decks)

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