memory revision Flashcards
what are the three memory processes
encoding, storage and retrieval
what is encoding?
transforming information into a format where it can be stored in memory
what is storage?
retaining information in memory so it can be used later
what is retrieval?
recovering information in memory so we are consciously aware of it.
which memory model are Atkinson and Shiffrin (1971) responsible for?
the multi-store model
what is the sensory store in the multi-store model and what are the two types of information it takes in?
it is a store of sensory information. iconic memory is for visual information and the echoic is for auditory information.
what did Miller (1956) find the capacity for short term memory?
approximately 7
what is the duration for STM and LTM?
LTM is long and STM is short
what is the capacity for STM and LTM
LTM is unlimited and STM is limited
what are the two types of forgetting for STM
Trace decay and interference
what is trace decay?
each item leaves a trace that decays over time until it is no longer available to us.
what is interference?
as we store so much information it is likely we can end up with the wrong memory.
what are the two levels of processing by Craik and Lockhart (1972)
shallow/physical and deep/semantic
which level of processing produces elaborate, long lasting and strong memory’s
deep/semantic
what memory model was made by baddely and Hitch (1974)
the working memory model
what is the purpose of the central executive?
it drives the whole system and allocates data to the subsystems.
what are the two components of the phonological loop?
phonological store (concerned with speech perception) and the articulatory control processes (concerned with speech production)
what is the phonological similarity effect (Conrad, 1964)?
Recall is 25% worse with a phonologically similar list compared with dissimilar list. this suggests speech based rehearsal processes within the phonological loop.
what is the word length effect in the phonological loop?
memory span is less for words that take a long time to say.
what is sensation?
the physical stimulation of the sensory apparatus
what is perception?
the ability of the mind to refer sensory information to an external object and its cause
what is the primary auditory cortex for
Sound
what is the amygdala and the hypothalamus for
Taste
what is the primary sensory cortex for
Touch
what is the pituitary gland for
Smell
what is the primary visual cortex for
Sight
what is consciousness level
scale of awareness from zero contents to fully aware
what is consciousness content
moment to moment here and now
who is responsible for the study into context dependent remembering
Godden and Baddeley (1975)
what are the results of Godden and Baddeley (1975)
lists of words learned underwater are remembered better underwater and vise versa
what was the study done by Loftus and Palmer (1974)
participants watched videos of car crashes. and were asked ‘how fast were the cars going when they ‘smashed’ ‘crashed’ ‘bumped’ into each other. it was found that depending on what word was used the speeds were different. recollection of the aftermath was affected as well
what is proactive interference
Old memories interfere with ability to remember new memories
what is retroactive interference
new memories interfere with the ability to remember old memories
what are the three main processes in language production
conceptualisation, formulation and articulation.
what did Gestalt psychologists suggest
they suggested that perception does not happen by breaking down into parts but by considering the whole experience
what does Gestalt mean in German
Whole
what are the laws of perception in Gestald psychology?
law of proximity law of similarity law of closure law of good continuation law of common fate law of pragnanz (law of simplicity)
what are the two main theories in object recognition
image based models and structural based models
what is the image based models theory in object recognition?
specific views of objects are ‘stored’ and recognition performance is based on generalisations from these
what is the recognition by component theory
objects are represented using basic shape units called Geons
what are Geons in object recognition
Geons are defined by variations in a small number of basic parameters called Non-accidental properties
what is the most recognisable view in 3d object categorisation
the canonical view
in the experiment by Palmer, Rosch and Chase (1981) what did they find
the rating of the view of an object from best to worst correlated with the reaction time to recognise it
why is the canonical view the best view
frequency hypothesis (it is the view we see most in our life) maximal information hypothesis (it provides the most amount of information)
what is the Featural hypothesis of face recognition
the Featural hypothesis suggests that faces are primarily remembered due to their facial features.
what is the Configural hypothesis of face recognition
the Configural hypothesis places the importance into the relationship between the spacing of facial features.
what is the Holisitc hypothesis of facial recognition
the Holisistic hypothesis takes the face as a perceptual whole where both featural and configural information are required for accurate recognition
how does fMRI scans provide support for faces being special
one area of the brain activates for faces and another activates for objects
what is agnosia
refers to the inability to recognise people or objects even when basic sensory modalities are intact
what are the two visual processing streams
Dorsal system (involved in object localisation) and the ventrical system (involved in object identification)
what are the two classes of illusions
Bottom-up (physiological) and Top-down (cognitive)
what is serial and what is parallel information flow
Serial is piecemeal processing, bottleneck and sequential. Parallel is bulk processing and consecutive
what are the key points of the case study of HM
Became an amnesiac due to a bilateral removal in the hippocampal zone to try and fix epilepsy.
Can remember child memories
Memory generally poor for events after operations
what are the key points of the case study of Clive Wearing
british music conductor. Herpes virus attached CNS damaging the hippocamous.
Acute and long-lasting case of anterograde and retrograde amnesia, meaning that he lacks both the ability to form new memories and to recall some aspects of his past memories.
Has no knowledge of ever learning music but can still play the piano
what is Korsakoff syndrome
Alcohol related problem in metabolizing the vitamin thiamine, which leads to brain damage in areas of the hippocampus and diencephalon, resulting in loss of episodic memory
what are the problems with using patients with Korsakoff syndrome for studying amnesia
there is a gradual onset. there is widespread brain damage. it is inconsistent in what parts of the brain are affected.
what is retrograde amnesia
inability to remember events/information before the critical incident..
what is antegrade amnesia
inability to remember events/information after the critical incident.
what is implicit memory
memory that cannot be consciously recalled
what is explicit memory
memory that can be consciously recalled
