RLG Flashcards
The most widely employed
technique for the detection of
parasites in the gastrointestinal
tract.
fecalysis
fecal score: majority is formed but has poor consistency and viscous
G4
fecal score: moist, leaves definite mark
G3
fecal score: bullet like, crumbly
G1
fecal score: does not hold form, and spreads lightly
1/3 -soft
Factors that may affect fecal examination
- Amount of feces examined
- Age of the sample
- Sample handling (including
collection, storage, and transport) - Examination method
- Skill of the diagnostician
If the fecal material cannot be
examined immediately, preserve it in:
5-10% formalin
refrigerate 3-5C
qualitative fecal exa methods
- Direct/ simple smear
- Flotation
- Sedimentation
- Larval recovery
quantitative fecal exam methods
- Stoll-ova counting technique
- McMaster egg-counting
technique - Beaver’s direct egg-counting
technique
Useful also for pseudotapeworms,
acanthocephalan eggs, lungworm
and Strongyloides larva, amoeba,
and ciliates.
sedimentation
Useful for isolation and
identification of ovoviviparus
nematodes and strongyles.
larval recovery
types of fecal flotation
passive and centrifugation
flotation
quantitative methods can reflect parasite burden and degree of infection
F
used for dx of abomasal or stomach damage due to trichostrongyles
plasma pepsinogen test
vector borne pathogens of cattle
babesia
theileria
elaeophora
setaria
trypanosoma
anaplasma
Techniques for the detection of vector-borne
pathogens
- Blood smear examination
- Serological assays
- Molecular assays
thin smears are more
concentrated and offer higher
sensitivity than thick smear,
false
is more useful when looking
for Babesia.
capillary blood sample
where to get capillary blood sample
ear tip
more preferred staining for examination of
protozoan parasites and rickettsiae.
Romanowsky stains, such as
Wright stain and Giemsa stain,
stain used in knott’s conc method
methylene blue
Highly motile, swimming
through the blood, No sheath; Body curved
with hooked posterior end
Acanthocheilonema spp.
Motile but stays in place, no sheath, body curved along whole length
d. immitis
Sheathed; Tail is tapered
and with cephalic space.
brugia spp.
PCR phases
Denaturation annealing extension
PCR is repeated for ___ cycles
30-35
is critical for thesuccess of PCR.
Primer design
Determines the specificity of
PCR.
primer
Normally, primers are composed
of __ bp.
18-30
Amplification proceeds through repetition
of two types of elongation reactions that
occur via the ____
loop regions
LAMP utilizes ___ primers
4-6
Compared to PCR, it is simpler, more
rapid, and less sophisticated.
LAMP
meaning of LAMP
loop-mediated isothermal amplification
meaning of CFI
color fluorescent indicator
combi dyes of CFI
hydroxynaphthol blue
gel green
LAMP Color change is visible by the
naked eye.
true
LAMP fluorescence is confirmed in real time by
through the machine (___).
FAM
filter
Low sensitivity in low level of
infection
* Identification to species level is
often challenging
microscopic exam
- High sensitivity and
specificity - Multiplex PCR can detect
coinfection in a single run
molecular technique
Readily accessible
* Can identify presence of
coinfection
microscopic exam
- Not readily available
- Expensive
- PCR may take hours
- False negative cases
molecular exam
