Rizal (Finals) Flashcards
When was Jose Rizal born?
June 19, 1861
When and where did Jose Rizal die?
December 30, 1896, at Bagumbayan, Luneta Park
Where is Jose Rizal’s resting place?
Paco Cemetery
Who was Jose Rizal’s father?
Francisco Mercado
What were Francisco Mercado’s key achievements?
Rich farmer, leased lands from Dominican priests, wealthiest in Binan, had the biggest herd of carabaos
Who was Jose Rizal’s mother?
Teodora Alonso
What were Teodora Alonso’s key achievements?
A woman of more than ordinary culture, read many books, daughter of a Spanish Cortes member
What was the birth order of Jose Rizal among his siblings?
7th child
What does ‘Jose Protacio’ mean in Rizal’s name?
Derived from St. Joseph and St. Protacio
What does ‘Mercado’ mean?
Market
What does ‘Rizal’ mean?
Rice field
Who was Rizal’s first teacher?
Dona Teodora
Where did Rizal study at age 9?
Binan, Laguna
Who taught Rizal painting?
Juancho, father-in-law of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz
What was the former name of Ateneo Municipal?
Escuela Pia
When did Rizal graduate from Ateneo Municipal?
March 14, 1877
Why did Rizal use ‘Rizal’ as a surname?
To hide his identity as Paciano’s brother, who was associated with Jose Burgos
What are the student divisions in Ateneo Municipal?
Romans (internos) and Carthaginians (externos)
What did Rizal study at the University of Santo Tomas?
Philosophy and Letters, then Medicine
Why did Rizal shift to Medicine?
To help treat his mother’s failing eyesight
When did Rizal travel to Spain?
May 3, 1882
Where did Rizal first arrive in Spain?
Barcelona, June 16, 1882
Where did Rizal enroll in Madrid?
Universidad Central de Madrid
What degree did Rizal achieve in 1884?
Licentiate in Medicine
Where did Rizal specialize in ophthalmology?
Paris and Heidelberg
When did Rizal return to the Philippines?
August 8, 1887
What was the Propaganda Movement’s newspaper?
La Solidaridad
When was ‘El Filibusterismo’ published?
September 18, 1891
What was La Liga Filipina?
A reformist organization founded by Rizal on July 3, 1892
Why was Rizal arrested in 1892?
Accused of possessing ‘Pobres Frailes’, a satire against Dominican friars
What does Rizal’s coat in his Luneta Park statue represent?
The Propaganda Movement
What is represented on the right side of Rizal’s Luneta statue?
A mother and a ‘dead’ child
What is the Rizal Law (RA 1425)?
A law mandating the teaching of Rizal’s works in schools
Who proposed the Rizal Law?
Claro M. Recto and Jose P. Laurel
What is nationalism according to George Orwell?
Identifying oneself with a nation and prioritizing its interests
Who coined the term ‘Imagined Community’?
Benedict Anderson
What does the Modernization Theory state about nationalism?
Nationalism is a result of industrialization and modernization
What was Rizal’s blueprint for nation-building?
Education, racial pride, national consciousness, values re-orientation, willingness to sacrifice
Why is education important according to Rizal?
It helps people understand their rights and identity
Who were Jose Rizal’s siblings?
Saturnina, Paciano, Narcisa, Olimpia, Lucia, Maria, Jose, Concepcion, Josefa, Trinidad, Soledad
What was Circulo Hispano-Filipino?
A group of Ilustrados that sponsored poetry readings and debates
What were some symbolic aspects of Rizal’s death?
Marching bands to distract people, dogs as celebration and healers, stone on grave to hide body
Where are some places Rizal statues can be found?
Madrid, Spain; Jinjiang, China; Germany; Chicago, USA; Tokyo, Japan; Masbate, Leyte
What is the Primordial and Socio-Biological Theory of Nationalism?
Nationalism is innate and can be passed from generation to generation
What is the Instrumentalist Theory of Nationalism?
The rich and religious elites manipulate nationalism for personal interests
What is the difference between a Nation and a State?
A nation shares identity and culture, while a state has formal government and sovereignty
What are the key elements of Rizal’s blueprint for nation-building?
Education, racial pride, national consciousness, re-orientation of values, willingness to sacrifice
Why is re-orientation of values important?
Understanding heritage, culture, and identity is key to national unity
What does willingness to sacrifice mean in Rizal’s context?
Hardships unite people and strengthen independence
Topic
Details
Pre-Colonial Philippines
There was no Philippines or Filipinos in the beginning
Barangay
Originated from balangay or a boat
Each balangay housed warriors / headhunters / mangangayaws known as
bagani
Barangay
When a balangay has an enemy, they will invade them and take their resources
The decapitated head of a balangay leader was used as a
trophy
Warriors mark themselves with tattoos for each kill
Tattoos
It is a way for datu communities to unite
Sanduguan
Pag-aanghud -
rubbing of each other’s skin to connect the blood, forming a blood pact
Sanduguan
Spaniards think of this treatment as slavery
Spain experienced political instability due to liberal and conservative conflicts
1800s
Caused Spain to suffer financial drought, commerce/industry collapse, and population decrease
Invasion of Napoleon Bonaparte
Created the Cadiz Constitution of 1812
Los Afracesado
Implemented aggressive reforms against religious orders
Queen Isabel
Eliminate monopoly, act as a form of trade between Philippines and Mexico
Galleion Trade
Mid-1800s –
Manila was opened for foreign merchants and led Philippines to achieve development
Built by Ferdinand Lesseps in 1869
Suez Canal
Shortened travel time to 32 days and Made Philippine trading more profitable
Suez Cabal
prepared for missionary work, converted the natives, established religious communities
Regulars -
under bishops, do not belong to religious orders, manage religious communities
Seculars -
Began when bishops insisted on visiting the parishes run by the regular priests
Regula-secular conflicts
Regular priests refused to accept visits from bishops since they are not under the bishop’s jurisdiction
Regular-Secular Conflict
Royal Decree
Issued November 9, 1774
Led to ordination of Filipinos as secular priests
Supporters: Monsignor Pedro Pelaez, GOMBURZA
Royal Decree
Occurred on January 20, 1872, in Cavite
Known as the failed uprising against Governor de Izquierdo’s decree
Cavite Mutiny
Conquistadores rewarded lands but failed to develop them
120 Spaniards owned lands measuring 1,742 hectares
Agrarian Disputes
Agrarian Disputes
Conquistadores sold land to Dominicans, Dominicans rented land to Inquilinos
Kasamas worked on the land under the Inquilinato System
Land distribution System
Governor General Valeriano Wyler
1891 - Deported 25 people including Paciano, Antonio Lopez, Silvestre Ubaldo, Manuel Hidalgo
Spaniards built 1-2 schools per barangay
Schools for boys taught academics, girls taught domestic skills
Education Bills
Social Hierarchy
- Peninsulares - Pure Spaniards born in Spain
- Insulares - Pure Spaniards born in Philippines
- Mestizos (Spanish & Chinese Mestizo),
- Principalia - Wealthy natives,
- Indios - Natives,
- Chino Infiel - Non-Catholic Chinese
Religious Orders
Augustinians, Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits, Augustinian Recollects
When were Don Francisco Mercado and Doña Teodora Alonso married?
June 28, 1848
When was José Rizal born?
June 19, 1861
When was José Rizal baptized, and who was his godfather?
June 22, 1861; Fr. Pedro Casanas
When was Francisco Engracio Riza Mercado (‘Tiente Kiko’) born?
April 18, 1818
When was Doña Teodora Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda Quintos born, and what was her ancestry?
November 19, 1827; Ilocano-Tagalog-Chinese-Spanish ancestry
What was the Royal Decree of 1849, and who created it?
A decree requiring Filipino families to adopt Spanish-sounding surnames for better record-keeping; Created by Gov. Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa
What was the ‘Clavería List’?
Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos that mandated Spanish-sounding surnames
Who was the eldest sibling of José Rizal?
Saturnina (‘Neneng’)
Who was Rizal’s oldest brother and his role in the revolution?
Paciano; a combat general in the Philippine Revolution
Which sister secretly supported Rizal during his exile in Dapitan?
Narcisa (‘Sisa’)
Which sister died due to childbirth complications?
Olimpia
Which Rizal sibling was denied a Christian burial for being associated with José Rizal?
Mariano Herbosa, Lucia’s husband
Who was José Rizal’s first sorrow?
Concepción (‘Concha’), who died at age 3
What was the title of Rizal’s poem about Calamba?
Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (‘In Memory of My Town’)
Who were the uncles that influenced Rizal’s childhood?
Uncle Gregorio (books and critical thinking), Uncle José (arts and sculpture), Uncle Manuel (physical training)
Who were Rizal’s early teachers?
Maestro Celestino, Maestro Lucas Padua, Leon Monroy (Latin tutor)
What was the Cavite Mutiny, and when did it happen?
A revolt of 200 workers and soldiers due to loss of privileges; January 20, 1872
Who were GomBurZa, and why were they executed?
Fathers Mariano Gomez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora; executed for advocating secularization and Filipinization
Where did Rizal study in 1872, and under what name?
Ateneo; he used ‘Rizal’ instead of ‘Mercado’
What were Rizal’s extracurricular activities in Ateneo?
Member of the Academy of Spanish Literature and Academy of Natural Sciences, Gymnastics, Fencing, Painting, Sculpture
When did Rizal graduate from Ateneo and with what honors?
March 23, 1877; Bachelor of Arts with Highest Honors
What challenges did Rizal face at UST?
Hostile Dominican professors, racial discrimination, outdated teaching methods
What literary work did Rizal write during UST?
A La Juventud Filipina (‘To the Filipino Youth’)
When did Rizal leave for Spain, and under what name?
May 3, 1882; ‘Jose Mercado’
What was Rizal’s first article in Spain?
Amor Patrio (‘Love of Country’)
What hardships did Rizal’s family face back home?
Failed rice and sugarcane harvests, locust infestations, increased land rentals, delayed allowances
Where did Rizal go after Madrid, and why?
Paris and Germany to specialize in ophthalmology
Who was Maximo Viola, and why was he important?
A wealthy medical student; helped Rizal publish Noli Me Tangere
What did Rizal do in Germany?
Worked under Dr. Otto Becker; stayed with Dr. Karl Ullmer
When did Rizal return to the Philippines, and when did he leave again?
Returned August 8, 1887; left February 16, 1888
What reforms did Rizal advocate for?
Philippines as a Spanish province, representation in the Cortes, secularization of parishes
What were some of Rizal’s literary works?
La Solidaridad, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, Sobre la Independencia de los Filipinos, Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años, El Filibusterismo
What organization was founded to honor Rizal’s legacy?
Knights of Rizal (Caballeros de Rizal), 1911
What were some Rizalista movements?
Banal (Leyte), Rizalinos (Legaspi City), Rizalina (Concepcion, Tarlac), Sambahang Rizal (1918), Iglesia Watawat ng Lahat (1911)
Who was Leonor Rivera, and why was she significant?
Rizal’s long-time love; inspiration for María Clara in Noli Me Tangere
Who was Miss L., and why did their relationship end?
A fair woman with attractive eyes; Rizal’s father disapproved of her family
What unique way did Rizal communicate with Leonor ‘Orang’ Valenzuela?
Used invisible ink for love notes
What was the nature of early Filipinos before Spanish colonization?
Industrious, self-sufficient, engaged in commerce, advanced in agriculture, and skillful traders.
Which historical account described early Filipinos’ trading with China and Japan?
Pigafetta’s account during Magellan’s arrival in 1521.
What evidence from the 13th century supports the industriousness of early Filipinos?
A Chinese manuscript described them as honest and diligent in trade.
What were the primary economic activities of early Filipinos?
Sustainable agriculture, weaving, mining, and fishing.
How did the Spanish colonizers justify forced labor and exploitation?
By propagating the myth of Filipino indolence.
Which European accounts described Filipinos as lazy and unreliable?
Murillo Velarde, MacMicking, Bowring, and Fedor Jagor’s 1873 account.
What was José Rizal’s main argument in ‘Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos’?
Filipino indolence was not inherent but caused by colonial oppression.
Why did Rizal argue that climate played a role in Filipino work patterns?
The tropical climate necessitated working in moderation to avoid health issues.
What colonial policies discouraged Filipino initiative?
The encomienda system, forced labor (polo y servicio), heavy taxation, and land confiscation.
What happened to Filipino industries under Spanish rule?
Textile and shipbuilding industries were suppressed to ensure economic dependence on Spain.
How did the friars’ control of education contribute to the myth of Filipino indolence?
They emphasized religious indoctrination over scientific and intellectual growth.
What social distractions did Rizal identify as symptoms of colonial oppression?
Gambling and cockfighting.
What were Rizal’s contributions in Dapitan that demonstrated Filipino industriousness?
Established a school, practiced medicine, improved agriculture, built irrigation, and conducted scientific research.
What are some lasting effects of colonial perceptions of Filipino indolence?
Colonial mentality, economic disparity, and educational gaps.
What is the key takeaway about Filipino ‘indolence’ from history?
It is a myth rooted in colonial oppression; Filipinos were historically industrious and resilient.
Who was Miss L. and how did she look?
Miss L. was a fair woman with seductive and attractive eyes.
Why did Rizal not pursue Miss L.?
Rizal did not pursue Miss L. because he was still thinking of Segunda and his father disapproved of Miss L.’s family.
Who was Leonor Valenzuela?
Leonor Valenzuela was a tall girl with regal bearing, the charming daughter of Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday Valenzuela.
What unique way did Rizal use to send love notes to Leonor Valenzuela?
Rizal used invisible ink to write love notes to Leonor Valenzuela.
Who was considered Jose Rizal’s true love?
Leonor Rivera was widely considered as Rizal’s true love.
How did Leonor Rivera look and what were her talents?
Leonor Rivera had soft, wavy hair, engaging dimples, a captivating singing voice, was intelligent, played the piano, and was reserved and soft-spoken.
What pen names did Leonor Rivera use in her letters to Rizal?
Leonor Rivera used the pen names ‘La Cuestion del Oriente’ and ‘Taimis/Tamis’ in her letters to Rizal.
How did Leonor Rivera keep Rizal’s memory after tearing his letters?
Leonor Rivera burned Rizal’s letters but kept the ashes inside a hand-carved wooden box marked with ‘J and L.’
How did Leonor Rivera’s mother prevent her from being with Rizal?
Leonor Rivera’s mother bribed the town’s postmaster to intercept Rizal’s letters and encouraged the courtship of Charles Kipping.
Who did Leonor Rivera marry and when?
Leonor Rivera married Charles Kipping at St. John’s Church of Dagupan on June 17, 1891.
What was Leonor Rivera’s wedding gown like?
Leonor Rivera’s wedding gown was a Filipina dress with a white embroidered camisa of jusi, a panuelo, and a long skirt in light ash blue with scalloped embroidery and an ornate train.
What promise did Leonor Rivera make after marrying Kipping?
After marrying Kipping, Leonor Rivera vowed never to play the piano again.
How did Leonor Rivera die and what happened to her child?
Leonor Rivera died on August 28, 1893, after giving birth to a daughter, Caroline, who also died hours later.
What were Leonor Rivera’s dying wishes?
Leonor Rivera asked to be buried in the saya she wore when she and Rizal had an ‘understanding’ and to have a silver cup with Rizal’s letter ashes beside her.
Who was Segunda Katigbak?
Segunda Katigbak was a 14-year-old convent-bred girl who was Rizal’s first crush.
Why was Rizal’s love for Segunda Katigbak unfulfilled?
Rizal could not pursue Segunda Katigbak because she was already betrothed to Manuel Luz.
Who was Consuelo Ortiga?
Consuelo Ortiga was the daughter of Pablo Ortiga, a former mayor of Manila, and she lived in Madrid where Filipino expatriates met.
Why did Rizal not seriously pursue Consuelo Ortiga?
Rizal did not pursue Consuelo Ortiga seriously because many Filipino expatriates also courted her, and she was flirtatious.
Who was O-Sei San and how did she influence Rizal?
O-Sei San was a Samurai’s daughter in Japan who introduced Rizal to Japanese culture and language.
What were Rizal’s parting words for O-Sei San?
Rizal’s parting words for O-Sei San were poetic, expressing that he would always remember her and their moments together.
Who was Gertrude Beckett, and what happened to her relationship with Rizal?
Gertrude Beckett was Rizal’s landlord’s daughter in London; she fell in love with Rizal, but he left without responding to her feelings.
Who were the Jacoby sisters, and which niece lived with them?
Marie and Suzanne Jacoby were sisters in Brussels; their niece, Suzanne Jacoby Thill, lived with them.
Who was Nellie Boustead and why did Rizal fall for her?
Nellie Boustead was a Filipina-French woman whom Rizal met in Paris; he was on the rebound after learning Leonor Rivera had married.
Who was Josephine Bracken and how did she meet Rizal?
Josephine Bracken was an Irish woman who met Rizal when she accompanied her stepfather, George Tauffer, to seek medical treatment from him in Dapitan.
Why did Rizal fall in love with Josephine Bracken?
Rizal fell for Josephine Bracken because she was kind, loving, and took care of him during his exile in Dapitan.
