Capstone Finals Flashcards
[T/F] The meaning of research as well as its attributes and characteristics are the same regardless of the learning discipline or field of study.
True
_____ Is simply a systematic and refined technique of thinking, employing specialized tools, instruments, and procedures in order to obtain a more adequate solution to a problem than would be possible under ordinary means.
Research
Oxford Concise Dictionary defines research as ____
a systematic investigation into and study of materials, sources, etc, in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
The purpose of research is to ____
serve man
The goal of research is ___
good life, to satisfy man’s craving for more understanding, to improve judgement, to add to their power, reduce the burden of work, relieve suffering and to increase satisfaction in multitudinous wats.
The most common purpose of research is?
ease the burden of work
Characteristics of research
- Empirical
- Logical
- Cyclical
- Analytical
- Replicability
- Critical
Characteristics of research that states research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. The collection of data relies on practical experience without benefit of the scientific knowledge or theory
Empirical
Characteristics of research that states research is based on valid procedures and principles. Scientific investigation is done in an orderly manner so that the researcher has confidence on the results. Logical examination of procedures used in the research enables the researcher to draw valid conclusions. Thus, the logic of valid research makes it important for decision making.
Logical
Characteristics of research that states research starts with a problem and ends with a problem. For instance, a researcher who completes their study states that his findings and draws up their conclusions and recommendations. In his recommendations, many problems may crop up as other subjects for the study hence, the cycle is repeated.
Cyclical
Characteristics of research that states that research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental or case study.
Analytical
Characteristics of research that states that research designs and procedures are replicated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.
Replicability
[T/F] Similarities and differences of replicated researches can be compared
True
[T/F] The more replications, the more valid the conclusive result would be
True
Characteristics of research that states that research exhibits careful and precise judgements. A higher level of confidence must be established i.e., at 1% or 5% level of confidence
Critical
Types of Research
- Pure Research
- Applied Research
- Action Research
Type of research that involves seeking new applications of scientific knowledge to the solution of a problem, such as the development of a new system or procedure, new device, or new method in order to solve the problem.
Applied Research
The type of research that refers to the application of theory to the solution of problems. It is conducted for the purpose of applying or testing theory and evaluating usefulness
Ex. Development and Evaluation of a Visual Room Scheduler for the Technological Institute of the Philippines using Artificial Intelligence
Applied Research
The type of research that is a feature of applied research, which is decision-oriented research involving application of the steps of scientific method in response to an immediate need to improve existing practices.
Action Research
This type of research focuses on immediate application, NOT on the development of a theory or generalization of applications. The research is required to do some action such as teaching the respondents on how to use a particular device, teaching the importance of a particular subject etc.
example:
Methods of birth control
Vaccination
Action Research
This type of research aims to discover basic truths or principles. It is intended to add to the body of knowledge by exploring the unknown, to extend the boundaries of knowledge, as well as to discover new facts.
Example:
Newton’s Law
The function and importance of an appendix
Pure Research
This type of research is conducted to primarily test or arrive at a theory. Its main objective is to establish general principles without known or intended practical application of the findings.
Example:
Newton’s Law
The function and importance of an appendix
Pure research
4 Types of Research Methods
- Descriptive Research
- Historical Research
- Experimental Research
- Ex post Facto Research
- Case Study Research
Research method that describes what is. It involves the description, recording, analysis, and interpretation of the present nature, composition or processes of phenomena. The focus is on prevailing condition
Descriptive Research
Research method with a process of selecting the topic to write the history about, collecting fata about events that occurred in the area or about the topic, collating data, sifting the authentic from non-authentic, and then making an interpretative narrative about or critical inquiry into the whole truth of the events.
Historical Research
This research method describes what occurred in the past and makes a critical inquiry into the truth of what occurred
Historical Research
Research method that has a problem-solving approach that describes the effect when certain variables are carefully controlled or manipulated.
Experimental Research
This type of Research method focuses on past, present, and future conditions
Experimental Research
In this research method, the researcher investigates a problem by studying the variables in retrospect. It is a research in which the dependent variable is immediately observable and the main concern is to find out the antecedents that give rise to consequences
Ex post Facto Research
According to Bromley (1990), this type of research method is a systematic inquiry into an event or a set of related events which aims to describe and explain the phenomenon of interest.
Case Study Research
The keyword in design is the word ___
optimum
How Ashley Karr distinguished research and design
WE RESEARCH TO UNDERSTAND THE WORLD
To research something is to investigate it systematically in order to reach new conclusions, establish facts and learn as much about the truth as possible.
WE DESIGN TO CHANGE THE WORLD
to design something is to create the form and function of an object, system or interaction in order to make out experience better, safer, healthier, more comfortable, fun and we can create solutions to the problems we found during research.
Ashley Karr differentiates research and design simply by ___
research explains WHY THINGS HAPPEN
we design to MAKE THINGS HAPPEN
[T/F] According to the American Society for Engineering Education, Design IS RESEARCH
False (Design is not research)
[T/F] A design may require research to accomplish a task but it typically involves the integration of knowledge, NOT the creation of new knowledge
True
A ____ is commonly defined as any significant, perplexing and challenging situation, real or artificial, the solution of which requires reflective thinking.
Research Ptoblem
A research problem should be ____
Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Realistic
Time bound
[T/F] Research does not need to be new
False (research MUST BE NEW)
[T/F] Design does not need to be new
True
[T/F] Research has to be good
False (does not have to be good)
[T/F] Design has to be good
True
[T/F] Researcher doesn’t have to be good but must be new
True
[T/F] Design does not have to be new but must be good
True
Done to understand the world
Research
Done to change the world
Design
[T/F] Do not attribute the AUTHORS, credit their WORK.
True
is this way of attributing authors ideal?
- According to Espinosa (2020)…
- Espinosa (2020) noted that…
- Espinosa (2020) emphasized that…
No
DO THIS INSTEAD
* In Espinosa (2020)…
* … cited in Espinosa (2020)
* … … … (Espinosa, 2020).
In parenthetical citation, use the format ____
(SURNAME OF THE AUTHOR, year of publication)
(Espinosa, 2020)
[T/F] In parenthetical citation, single author, repeated citation, denote the SURNAME without the year)
False
(denote the SURNAME without the year)
(Bondoc)
In parenthetical citation, use the ____ when there are 2 authors.
ampersand (&)
(Espinosa & Magbag, 2020)
[T/F] In parenthetical citation, 2 authors in repeated citation, SURNAMES and drop the year.
True
(Espinosa & Magbag)
If with 3 authors, use ____
“et al.”
(Espinosa et al., 2021)
[T/F] Same rules apply in “in-sentence citations” or “taglines”. Two or more authors are joined by “and”. Year of publication is within parentheses.
True
In Espinosa and Magbag (2020), Strapi …
[T/F] Multiple author citation is not encouraged
False
Multiple author citation is encouraged.
[T/F] Sentences ending in parenthetical citations, the PERIOD is placed BEFORE.
False
the PERIOD is placed AFTER, not before
There is a need to promote evangelization using mobile applications (Espinosa, 2020).
[T/F] Multiple author citation is encouraged. Arrange the surnames ALPHABETICALLY and not by the year of publication.
True
(Diwa, 2018; Espinosa, 2019; Reyes, 2010).
In Diwa (2018), Espinosa (2019), and Reyes (2010)…
Parts of the Background of the study
- Importance of the study
- Background information
- Purpose of the study
Part of the Background of the study that Denotes the PROBLEM (why will you undertake the research?)
Importance of the study
Part of the Background of the study that contains the CONTENT and GAP
Background Information
refers to what others have done
Context
what is in the literature that would answer the problem? what has never been done before
GAP
Part of the Background of the study that answers how does it relate to what has already been written? What is so special or different about this research?
Purpose of the study
First Paragraph of the background of the study contains the:
▪ State the BACKGROUND (or problem)
▪ State the IMPACT (or significance)
▪ State the UNCERTAINTY/CONTROVERSY in the literature
Second Paragraph of the background of the study contains the:
▪ Review the LITERATURE to justify the uncertainty the studies did not answer.
▪ Search for conflicting results
▪ Determine limitations of previous studies.
Third Paragraph of the background of the study contains the:
▪ State the HYPOTHESIS, PUROSE or AIM of the study
“The study aims to examine…”
How many paragraph should the background of the study have
3 (3 PARAGRAPH RULE)
It helps to determine whether the topic is worth studying, and it provides insight into ways in which the researcher can limit the scope to a needed area of inquiry (Creswell & Creswell, 2018, p.62).
Literature review
It shares with the reader the results of other studies that are closely related to the one being undertaken (Creswell & Creswell, 2018, p.66).
Literature review
It relates a study to the larger, ongoing dialogue in the literature, filling in gaps and extending prior studies (Cooper, 2010; Marshall & Rossman, 2016 as cited in Creswell & Creswell, 2018, p.66 ).
Literature Review
FOUR TYPES OF LITERATURE REVIEWS
(a) integrate what others have done and said,
(b) criticize previous scholarly works,
(c) build bridges between related topics, and
(d) identify the central issues in a field.
(Cooper, 2010 as cited in Creswell & Creswell, 2018, p.67)
STEPS IN CONDUCTING A LITERATURE REVIEW
- IDENTIFY KEYWORDS - These key words may emerge in identifying a topic or may result from preliminary readings. (Creswell & Creswell, 2018, p.70)
- Using the keywords, begin searching the databases for holdings (i.e., journals and books)
General databases, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, EBSCO, ProQuest, and JSTOR, cover a broad range of disciplines.
(Creswell & Creswell, 2018, p.70) - Set a priority on the search for journal articles and books Determine whether these articles and books exist in your academic library or whether you need to send for them by interlibrary loan or purchase them through a bookstore.
(Creswell & Creswell, 2018, p.70) - SKIM this initial group of articles or chapters and collect those that are central to your topic Throughout this process, simply try to obtain a sense as to whether the article or chapter will make a useful contribution to your understanding of the literature. (Creswell & Creswell, 2018, p.70)
- As you identify useful literature, begin designing a literature map (Creswell & Creswell, 2018, p.70)
- summaries of the most relevant articles These summaries are combined into the final literature review that you write for your proposal or research study. Include precise references to the literature using an appropriate style guide. (Creswell & Creswell, 2018, p.70)
- After summarizing the literature, assemble the literature review, structuring it thematically or organizing it by important concepts.
is an account of the materials, published or unpublished, on a specific topic by scholars and researchers.
Literature Review
A discussion of your knowledge about the topic under study
A discussion of your knowledge that is supported by the research literature
A foundation for the study
Literature Revuew
[T/F] Literature review is a discussion of your knowledge about the topic under study
True
[T/F] literature review discussion of your knowledge that is supported by the research literature
True
[T/F] Literature review is a study-by-study, or article-by article, description of studies previously done
False
[T/F] Literature review is a re-statement of the studies previously done
False
[T/F] Literature review is a brief overview of articles
False
_______ is composed of discussion of facts and principles to which the present study is related. (usually found on books, encyclopedias, professional journals, magazines, newspapers, and other publications)
Related Literature
___ are inquiries or investigations already conducted to which the present proposed study is related or has some bearing or similarity. (e.g. usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts, theses and dissertations)
Related Studies
Literature review materials are classified as:
Local Literature and Studies
Foreign Literature and Studies
Structure of literature review
- Introduction
- Body:
- Conclusions/Recommendations
Structure of literature review that gives a quick idea of the topic of the literature review, such as the central theme or organizational pattern.
Introduction
Structure of literature review that contains the discussion of sources
Body
Structure of literature review that discusses what have you drawn from reviewing literature so far. Where might the discussion proceed?
Conclusions / Recommendations
Organization of literature review. A general organization looks like a _____
Funnel
Organization of literature review
Broader topics (wide part of triangle)
Sub topics (mid part of triangle)
Studies like yours (narrow part of triangle)
A Good Literature Review is:
- Focused
- Concise
- Logical
- Developed
- Integrative
- Current
[T/F] Literature review must begin prior to implementation of the study
True
Guides in Writing the Literature review
- Use APA style & format
- Have your work proofread before submitting
- Follow all format guidelines
- Must be a thorough review, reflected by the depth of the discussion
- Should begin prior to the implementation of the study
Characteristic of a Good Literature Review
The topic should be narrow. You should only present ideas and only report on studies that are closely related to topic.
Focused
Characteristic of a Good Literature Review
Ideas should be presented economically. Don’t take any more space than you need to present your ideas.
Concise
Characteristic of a Good Literature Review
The flow within and among paragraphs should be a smooth, logical progression from one idea to the next
Logical
Characteristic of a Good Literature Review
Don’t leave the story half told.
Developed
Characteristic of a Good Literature Review
Your paper should stress how the ideas in the studies are related. Focus on the big picture. What commonalities do all the studies share? How are some studies different than others? Your paper should stress how all the studies reviewed contribute to your topic.
Integrative
Characteristic of a Good Literature Review
Your review should focus on work being done on the cutting edge of your topic.
Current
The Writing Process
- Rough Draft
- Final Draft
- Edit
- Edit Again
[T/F] The writing process ends with the final draft
The writing process ends with “edit again”
It is useful to prepare.
Such a table provides a quick overview that allows the reviewer to make sense of a large mass of information.
Summary table for Literature Review
Summary table for Literature Review could include columns with headings such as
- Author
- Type of study
- Sample
- Design
- Data collection approach
- Key findings
Parts of Method Section
› Research Design
› Research Procedure
› Instrument
› Ethical Consideration
› Data Collection
› Data Analysis
› Sample and Settings
Contains the pre-prod, prod and post-prod
Research Procedure
– Declares the sampling design
– Determines the inclusion and exclusion criteria
– Statistical software in calculating for the number of sample (G power, Slovin’s)
– Setting justification
Sample and Settings
____ is a process of systematically selecting cases for a research project.
Sampling
is that part of statistical practice concerned with the selection of individual observation intended to yield some knowledge about a population of concern, esp. for the purposes of statistical influence.
Sampling
____ is the process of selecting representative portion of the population.
Sampling
____ involves a complete enumeration of the elements of a population
Census
____ is the sub group of the population selected for participation of the study.
Sample
____ is the aggregate of all elements, sharing some common set of characteristics
Population
Who is the target group for the study?
The population
Who in the target group should be surveyed?
The Sample
How many people should be surveyed?
The Sample SIze
How should the people to be surveyed by selected?
The sampling method
- Define the target population
- Determine the sampling frame
- Select a sampling technique(s)
- Determine the sample size
- Execute the sampling process
The Sampling Design process
_____ sampling based on probability theory; this type of sampling yields a sample that is truly a representative of the population.
Probability Sampling
___ sampling that does not follow the guidelines of mathematical probability
Non-Probability Sampling
Examples of Non-probability Sampling Techniques
a. Convenience Sampling
b. Judgmental Sampling
c. Quota Sampling
d. Snowball Sampling
Examples of Probability Sampling Techniques
a. Simple Random Sampling
b. Systematic Sampling
c. Stratified Sampling
d. Cluster Sampling
e. Other Probability Sampling Techniques
Non-Probability Sampling method
attempts to obtain a sample of convenient elements. Often, respondents are selected because they happen to be in the right place at the right time.
Convenience
Non-Probability Sampling method
is a form of convenience sampling in which the population elements are selected based on the judgment of the researcher.
Judgmental/Purposive
Non-Probability Sampling method
consists of developing control categories, or quotas, of population elements.
Quota
Non-Probability Sampling method
a initial group of respondents is selected then the respondents are asked to identify others by referrals.
Snowball or Referral
Probability Sampling method
a sample is drawn randomly from a list of individuals in a population. It can be done through; a. Lottery Sampling; b. Use of Random Number Tables.
Simple Random
Probability Sampling method
it is taking every nth member of the population, where n is the reciprocal of the percentage of the population which you would like to use as a sample.
› Systematic
Probability Sampling method
considered a more practical approach to surveys because it samples by groups or clusters of elements rather than by individual elements.
Cluster
Probability Sampling method
usually employed when the population is composed of several strata or subgroups.
Stratified
Probability Sampling method
the population is divided into a number of groups or primary stages from which samples are
drawn; these are then divided into groups or secondary stages from which samples are drawn, and so on.
Multi-stage
Refers to the procedures followed by the researcher from the time of the approval of the research protocol, to the time of the retrieval of the instrument/questionnaire. It should provide a brief, yet concise narrative on the significant activities in the data collection phase.
Data Collection
› The statistical tools used in treating the data are enumerated and justified in this section.
› The formula of the treatment is not included but the statistical software must be declared appropriately.
Data Analysis
Researchers are bound by rules of ethics that govern standards of professional conduct expected of everyone in the field. Research misconducts such as fabrication of research data, plagiarism, academic dishonesty, intellectual property violation, and non-adherence to known ethical standards are strictly prohibited.
Ethical Consideration
The research should present the process of instrument development,
True
Research instrument contains scales, and psychometric properties (i.e. validity and reliability tests),
True
[T/F] Research instrument must include results of the pilot test (Bourhis, Giles, & Rosenthal, 1981; de Melo Ghisi, Sandison, & Oh, 2016; Gardiner, McDermott & Hulme, 2017; Van Teijlingen & Hundley, 2001)
True
a careful investigation or study, especially of scholarly or scientific nature
Research
[T/F] Design is the same as research
False
____ considers alternative solutions by selecting which is optimal with a fixed goal or specification in mind
Design
Often results in a commercial product being developed
Design
[T/F] research has a close-minded goal and is not exploratory.
False
Research has an open-minded goal and is exploratory, with no specifications in mind and does not necessarily result in a product or service
[T/F] research does not necessarily result in a product or service
True
