Riyaz - psych -

Question 1

Are STM and LTM the same memory systems when primacy and recency effects portray different results?

Answer 1

Short term memory and long term memory are seperate memory systems when there is a difference between the primacy effect and recency effect

Question 2

What is Proactive interference?

Answer 2

Proactive interference - interference of previously stored memory (LTM) with the ability to learn new information

Question 3

What is Social Stratification?
What is Social Reproduction?
What is Institutional Discrimination?
What is Cultural Relativism?

Answer 3

Social Stratification - objective heirarchy in a society more specifically the class based heirarchy.

Social Reproduction - perpetuation of inequality through social institutions

Institutional Discrimination - Discrimination stemming from institutional culture or policies (rather than individual action)

Cultural Relativism - is the evaluation of another culture based on that cultures standards.

Question 4

What is Confirmation bias?

Answer 4

Confirmation Bias - tendency to favor information that confirms existing belief.

Question 5

What is an organization?

Answer 5

Organization - group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted action to achieve common purpose.

Passing of laws is political mobilization or legal change.

Question 6

What is the Conflict Theory?

Answer 6

Conflict theory - emphasizes social relations of capital, power, and status as driving forces in society.

Question 7

What is Anomie?

Answer 7

Anomie - refers to a lack of social norms, which leads to a breakdown in the connection between an individual and their community

Question 8

Gardners Intelligence - People have 8 different intelligence

Spearmans Intelligence - One intelligence affects others

Answer 8

Gardners Intelligence - People have 8 different intelligence

Spearmans Intelligence - One intelligence affects others

Question 9

What is the James-Lange Theory of emotion?

Canon-Bard Theory of Emotion?

Two Factor Theory?

Answer 9

James-Lange Theory of Emotion- physiological arousal precedes the experiencing of emotions.

Canon-Bard Theory - Physiological arousal and emotions are experienced simultaneously

Two Factor Theory - brings in cognitive upraisal

Question 10

Define Socialization? Assimilation? Discrimination? Stratification?

Answer 10

Socialization- is the process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society.

Assimilation- is the process by which immigrants or minority groups take up aspects of mainstream culture

Discrimination- Is a behavior based upon prejudice

Stratification- objective position within a social heirarchy

Question 11

Look out for NOT and EXCEPT questions

Answer 11

Look out for NOT and EXCEPT questions

Question 12

Read the experiment thoroughly.

Answer 12

Read the experiment thoroughly.

Question 13

Read the experiment thoroughly.

Answer 13

Read the experiment thoroughly.

Question 14

Correlation does not equal causation

Answer 14

Correlation does not equal causation

Question 15

What are the types of memory?

Answer 15

Implicit Memory - Aquired unconscious memory and broken into two categories, priming or procedural memory

Explicit Memory - Acquired conscious memory, broken into two categories 1) episodic - specific personal events and their contents 2)Semantic Memory - General knowledge about the world

Working memory - part of short-term memory that is concerned with immediate conscious perceptual and linguistic processing.

Question 16

Use process of illimination reasoning out the wrong choices and most likely immigrants will have difficulty with social integreation.

Answer 16

Use process of illimination reasoning out the wrong choices and most likely immigrants will have difficulty with social integreation.

Question 17

Cones- More involved in color vision

and the fovea is where most of the cones are concentrated in the eye

Answer 17

Cones- More involved in color vision

and the fovea is where most of the cones are concentrated in the eye

Question 18

Dont rush through the choices and double check answer choices if extra time

Answer 18

Dont rush through the choices and double check answer choices if extra time

Question 19

Read question stem carefully and eliminate answer choices which make no sense

Answer 19

Read question stem carefully and eliminate answer choices which make no sense

Question 20

Difference between projection and reaction formation?

Answer 20

Projection- projecting undesirable feelings or emotions onto someone else, rather than admitting to or dealing with the unwanted feelings

reaction formation - tendency of a repressed wish or feeling to be expressed at a conscious level in a contrasting form.

Question 21

Social constructionism - group effort to create something.

Answer 21

Social constructionism - group effort to create something.

Question 22

Difference between serial position effect and spreading activation?

Answer 22

“Read Questions carefully and look for the answer that relates to where the question is asking in the paragraph

Spreading Activation - When a concept is activated, the activation spreads to related concepts.

Depth of Processing - type of attention applied to words during encoding

Serial Position effect - improved memory for words at the beginning and at the end of a list

Visuospatial sketchpad - subcomponent of working memory”

Question 23

What is spatial memory? How does categorical bias affect it?

Answer 23

“Spatial memory: is that part of the memory responsible for the recording of information about one’s environment and spatial orientation.

Categorical Bias - Worldly knowledge on categories affects people judgements on distance, it also affects spacial memory. The older you get the knowledge of categories increases”

Question 24

Piagets theory of cognitive development?

Answer 24

“Piagets Theory of Cognitive development:
1) Sensorymotor stage: Birth-2yrs infants and toddlers acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and manipulating objects

2) Preoperational stage: 2-7, it is the emergence of language that is one of the major hallmarks of the preoperational stage of development. Children become much more skilled at pretend play during this stage of development. They struggle with logic and taking the point of view of other people.
3) Concrete Operational Stage: 7-11, become much more adept at using logic.They begin to understand the concept of conservation; that the amount of liquid in a short, wide cup is equal to that in a tall, skinny glass,
4) Formal Operational Stage - 12 and up, the ability to use deductive reasoning, and an understanding of abstract ideas. At this point, people become capable of seeing multiple potential solutions to problems and think more scientifically about the world around themthink more about moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning.”

Question 25

Difference between behavioral theory, Psychodynamic theory, Trait theory and humanisitc theory?

Answer 25

“Behavioral theory - theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our actions.

Psychodynamic Theory - psychological forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience. It is especially interested in the dynamic relations between conscious motivation and unconscious motivation.

Trait Theory - is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion

Humanistic Theory - That all people have a potential of free will to develop highest potential to do things through self actualization”

Question 26

Difference between conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 26

“Conditioned stimulus - a previously neutral stimulus without a ucs gives a CR or a UCR.

Unconditioned stimulus- Normal stimulus that causes a change in physiological change in the body which called a unconditioned response. “

Question 27

Difference between negative punishment and postive punishment and discriminatory stimuli?

Answer 27

“Discriminatory stimuli - Where behavior is reinforced in the presence of a particular stimuli.

Positive punisher - is when you add a something unpleasant to stop a behavior

negative punisher - when you take away something pleasant to stop a behavior”

Question 28

Difference between affective processes and cognitive processes?

Answer 28

“Affective processes - an be defined as the general psychological state of an individual, including but not limited to emotions and mood, within a given situation.

Cognitive processes - acquiring knowledge through our thoughts, experiences, and senses. interpretation of our bodily responses”

Question 29

what is in direct contact with eye?

Answer 29

Cornea is in direct contact with eyelid

Question 30

what kind of receptors are hair cells of the cochlea?

Answer 30

Hair cells of the cochlea are mechanoreceptors

Question 31

What is the actor-observor bias?

Answer 31

Actor -Observor Bias - actors attribute their own behavior to situational factors, where as the observors attribute the actors behavior to dispositional factors.

Question 32

Difference between habituation and dishabituation?

Answer 32

“Habituation - form of learning in which an organism decreases or ceases its responses to a stimulus after repeated or prolonged presentations.

Dishabituation - form of recovered or restored behavioral response wherein the reaction towards a known stimulus is enhanced, as opposed to habituation.[”

Question 33

what is the optimal arousal theory?

Answer 33

Optimal Arousal Theory - optimal performance requires optimal arousal and that arousal levels that are too high or too low will impede performance.

Question 34

Is electrical conductivity of the skin a parasympathetic response or sympathetic?

Answer 34

Electrical conductivity of the skin increases which is a indication of sympathetic arousal associated with anxiety.

Question 35

Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome?

Answer 35

“Seyle’s General adaptation Syndrome - 3 stages a body responds to stressors

1) Alarm stage- burst of energy
2) Resistence stage - Body attempts to adapt or resist stressor
3) Exhaustion stage - body is depleted of energy”

Question 36

What is gentrification?

Answer 36

Gentrification - Is the reinvestment the lower income neighborhoods in urban areas, which results from the influx of more affluent groups. Therefore housing markets get less affordable for the lower income populace.

Question 37

What is Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial development?

Answer 37

“Erikson’s Theory of psychosocial development -

1. Trust vs. Mistrust Hope 0 - 1½
2. Autonomy vs. Shame Will 1½ - 3
3. Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose 3 - 5
4. Industry vs. Inferiority Competency 5 - 12
5. Identity vs.Role Confusion Fidelity 12-18
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation Love 18 - 40
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation Care 40 - 65
8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair Wisdom 65+”

Question 38

Difference between assimilation and accomodation?

Answer 38

“Assimilation - is a gradual process by which a person or group belonging to one culture adopts the practices of another, thereby becoming a member of that culture.

Accomodation - describe a process by which competing and conflicting individuals and groups adjust their relationships to each other in order to overcome the difficulties which arise in competition, contravention or conflict’.”

Question 39

What is the Magic Number and its association with Working Memory?

Answer 39

Working memory capacity is between 5 and 9 items according to early memory research with adults. The magic number 7(+/-)2 was given by George Miller

Question 40

“objective measure - perspective is one that is not influenced by emotions, opinions, or personal feelings - it is a perspective based in fact, in things quantifiable and measurable. (DIRECT)

Subjective - erspective is one open to greater interpretation based on personal feeling, emotion, aesthetics, etc. (indirect)”

Answer 40

“objective measure - perspective is one that is not influenced by emotions, opinions, or personal feelings - it is a perspective based in fact, in things quantifiable and measurable. (DIRECT)

Subjective - erspective is one open to greater interpretation based on personal feeling, emotion, aesthetics, etc. (indirect)”

Question 41

What is sensory memory?

Answer 41

Sensory memory - allows individuals to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimulus has ceased. Sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell. Comes way before working memory.

Question 42

Read the experiment thoroughly.

Answer 42

Read the experiment thoroughly.

Question 43

What is a reference group?

Answer 43

Reference group - a group which individuals often emulate the attitudes and behaviors of due their admiration of the groups beliefs.

Question 44

what is the mixed-method study?

Answer 44

Mixed-methods study - Bringing together the quantative and qualitive methods of study together is referred as a mixed methods study in sociolog.

Question 45

When asked to asses a hypotheses try to understand what the experiment is consisted of and what is being experimented. Then understand the purpose and outcome.

Answer 45

When asked to asses a hypotheses try to understand what the experiment is consisted of and what is being experimented. Then understand the purpose and outcome.

Question 46

What eeg waves do you see in stage 2 sleep?

Answer 46

“Stage 2 sleep eeg - It is marked by low-frequency, high-amplitude waveforms.
III. It includes theta waves.
IV. It features distinct bursts of high-frequency, moderate-amplitude activity.”

Question 47

Does ACTH release increase in light?

Answer 47

ACTH is released from the anterior pituatary gland when stimulated by Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus. This cascade of hormone is increased when light is present due to the incidence of light on the retina. When light is not present there is a less stimuli to the hypothalamus therefore you have less ACTH release.

Question 48

What is Controlled processing?

Answer 48

Controlled processing-under the flexible, intentional control of the individual, that he or she is consciously aware of, and that are effortful and constrained by the amount of attentional resources available at the moment.- You have to concentrate on the task because it is unfamiliar

Question 49

What is Broadbents model of selective attention and what is Treismans attention model?

Answer 49

“Treismans Attenuation model -it was unconsciously attenuated or diminished in perceived intensity. believed that this human filter selects sensory inputs on the basis of physical characteristics.

Broadbents Model of Selective Attention - According to this model, distracting or unimportant stimuli are eliminated entirely at a “bottleneck” before reaching higher-level thought or memory.”

Question 50

What is the Stage 2 EEG like?

Answer 50

In Stage 2 sleep, theta waves continue to appear on EEG, but are now interspersed with K-complexes, single high-amplitude, low-frequency theta waves, and sleep spindles (bursts of multiple high-frequency, moderate-amplitude waves).

Question 51

What cycles encompass slow wave sleep?

Answer 51

slow-wave sleep encompasses stages 3 and 4. Slow-wave sleep, also known as deep sleep, contains non-REM sleep.

Question 52

What is Egocentrism?

Answer 52

Egocentrism - infants at age 3 to 6 months are unable to understand the perspective of others

Question 53

What is Autism and its role in Joint attention?

Answer 53

“Autism - is a disorder in which social contact, communication, and language are severely disrupted, so we expect impaired joint attention to be a cardinal feature.

joint attention is a social-communicative skill in which, typically, a child and an adult use gestures and gaze to share attention with respect to interesting objects, actions or events. This skill plays a critical role in social and language development.”

Question 54

What is Scaffolding?

Answer 54

Scaffolding - challenging the child in developmentally appropriate ways, which would include helping them sound out words without giving the answer away

Question 55

What is the reason a person may remember false things which relate to something that actually happened?

Answer 55

Intrusions of false information into episodic memories of events (ralse memories), which are consistent with the accurate information being recalled, are regarded as being due to retrieval of both episodic and generic information which is consistent with that event -MEMORY IS RECONSTRUCTIVE

Question 56

What is Generalizability?

Answer 56

Generalizability - refers to external validity, which is the extent to which results of a scientific investigation would generalize to other settings or populations. It is dependent on the extent to which processes presumed to be operating outside the laboratory

Question 57

What effect does emotional arousal have on memory’?

Answer 57

Emotional arousal seems to focus a person’s attention on the central features of an event. They Hypothesis (easterbrook) that a person will notice information that elicits emotional arousal, but fail to process other information, has been supported by studies in which memory for an emotional events “central” aspects (directly tied to emotional elicitor) is compared to memory for “peripheral” aspects (removed from the source of emotional arousal). Thus, memory for the fundamental gist of the emotional event is retained whereas memories for details ( if they are encoded at all) either fades or undergoes changes

Question 58

Understand that the graph shows bars that intersect show no significance in change and if they dont intersect then there is a great significance in change

Answer 58

Understand that the graph shows bars that intersect show no significance in change and if they dont intersect then there is a great significance in change

Question 59

What does a disproportionate exposure mean?

Answer 59

Understand that a disproportionate exposure or relationship usually implies a negative correlation

Question 60

Increased aggresion and Hostility leads to?

Answer 60

Increased aggression and hostility are found to be with the increased risk of a heart attack

Question 61

Extinction vs Shaping?

Answer 61

Extinction - without continued reinforcement of an established operant behavior, the frequency of the behavior decreases.

Shaping - a method of training where successive approximations towards a target behavior are reinforced

Question 62

Life course approach vs biopsychosocial model

Answer 62

Life Course Approach to Health Behaviors - Attending to life stages

Biopsychosocial model of health risk - biopsychosocial approach systematically considers biological, psychological, and social factors and their complex interactions in understanding health, illness, and health care delivery.

Question 63

Social Construction

Answer 63

Social constructionism - group effort to create something. For race it means there is little effort of biology to differentiate race. invention or artifact of a particular culture or society which exists solely because people agree to behave as if it exists, or agree to follow certain conventional rules.

Question 64

Social Identity and how minority stress theoretical model relates to it?

Answer 64

Social Identity - the portion of an individual’s self-concept derived from perceived membership in a relevant social group.

Minority stress theoretical models - stressors of prejudice and discrimination will contribute to elevated levels of alcohol consumption racial/ethnic minority group members. The link between prejudice, discrimination and health risks at least partly, on the assumption that individuals will attribute stressful experiences to their statuses as members of a racial/ethnic group.

Question 65

Different brain scan techniques?

Answer 65

PET SCAN - scan to measure function than structure of brain, measures glucose uptake more more active = more use, and more invasive

CT Scan - Focuses on Structure, xrays to create images of the brain does not tell us anything about the activity of the brain

MRI - Structure, uses radiowaves &magnetic field, disrupts orientation of atoms, and does not tell us anything about function

fMRI- Structure and Function, see which structures are active by O2being used by neurons and popular

Question 66

Refer back to the passage and understand postive and negative reinforcements are also parameters governing conditioning.

Answer 66

Refer back to the passage and understand postive and negative reinforcements are also parameters governing conditioning.

Question 67

when a question asks about the lack of support for a argument, the wrong answer choices will all be a supportive point for the argument

Answer 67

when a question asks about the lack of support for a argument, the wrong answer choices will all be a supportive point for the argument

Question 68

Statistical significance on data

Answer 68

When data is given to you it must say statistifically significant or must have a low p-value which will imply that. If neither is present then it is not statistically significant

Question 69

Conflict thoery vs functionalist

Answer 69

Conflict theory - emphasizes social relations of capital, power, and status as driving forces in society. - conflict theorist focus on social control and inequality .

Functionalist Thoery -is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.

Question 70

Generation Cohorts

Answer 70

Generation Cohorts - will have distinct life experiences based on their place in history. Ex. is pattern of internet usage being more common in youngsters than elderly

Question 71

NMDA receptor

Answer 71

NMDA Receptors - glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells. Expression of NMDA receptors in the Hippocampus than the cortex and would render the hippocampus more vulnerable to excess release of extracellular glutamate and hence more excitation

Question 72

Self verification vs self serving bias

Answer 72

Self Verification - tendency to seek out (and agree with) information that is consistent with one’s self-concept. asserts people want to be known and understood by others according to their firmly held beliefs and feelings about themselves.

Self - Serving Bias - People make attributions in order to help make sense of the world and to confirm patterns. In order to boost self-esteem, some people attribute their successes to internal factors and their failures to external factors

Question 73

Five factor model

Answer 73

Five Factor Model - The five big traits of personality

1) openness - broad range of interest adventurous & creative, try new ideas
2) Conscientousness - good impulse control, goal oriented behavior, detailed, organized
3) Extraversion - excitability, sociability/talkativeness, assertiveness, emotional exppresiveness, extravert
4) Agreeableness - trust, altruism, kindness/affection, empathy prosocial behavior, Help
5) Neuroticism - sadness, moodness, emotional instability. lots of stress, moodswings, anxiety,

Question 74

MCAT Neurotransmitters

Answer 74

Serotonin - involved in regulation of both mood (specifically aggression) and appetite (intestinal movements as well). Sleeping/dreaming

Acetylcholine - CNS/PNS -nerve impulses to muscles

Catecholamines (epi,norepi,dop) - Fight or flight, alertness wakeness - Epinephrine is a hormone, norepi is a local neurotransmitter

Dopamine - movement and posture (ganglia) too much =schizophrenic , too less = parkinsons

GABA - Stablizing neural activity by hyperpolarization of post-synaptic membrane (inhibitory)- reduce neuron excitation -sleep

Glycine (inhibitory)- brain stabilization increases chloride influx into neuron hyper polarization of postsynaptic membrane

Glutamate - brain excitation

endorphins - natural painkillers

Question 75

What is socioeconomic status?

Answer 75

Socioeconomic status - economic and sociological combined total measure of a person’s work experience and of an individual’s or family’s economic and social position in relation to others, based on income, education, and occupation. - ACCESS ISSUES RELATE TO SES

Question 76

Symbolic interactionism

Answer 76

Symbolic interactionism - studying social practices and rituals -better understand how individuals interact with one another to create symbolic worlds, and in return, how these worlds shapes individual behaviors.

Question 77

manifest functions and latent functions

Answer 77

Manifest Functions - which are those recognized and intended consequences that people observe or expect in a social pattern or social institution.

Latent Function - unrecognized and uninteded consequences people observe or expect in a social institution.
Ex : Hidden curriculum in schools to understand the function of education in a institution

Question 78

Sensory interaction, vestibular sense, perceptual maldaptation, and motion parallax

Answer 78

Sensory Interaction - one sensory modality may influence another like eyesight influences balance

Vestibular sense - balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movements inner ear

Perceptual Maldaptation - A trait that is more harmful than it is helpful

Motion parallax -is a monocular depth cue in which we view objects that are closer to us as moving faster than objects that are further away from us.

Question 79

Gestalt principles of perceptual organization

Answer 79

Law of Similarity
-Similar objects grouped together

Law of Simplicity/Good Figure (Pragnanz)
-Objects are seen in a way that maker them appear as simple as possible; circles instead of lines

Law of Proximity
-Objects near each other are grouped together

Law of Continuity
-Points connected by lines are perceived as belonging together in the same path

Law of Closure
-Filling the gaps and ignoring them to perceive the whole