Riyaz - BIO - Flashcards
Which of the following Vitamins are water soluble?
Vitamin ADEK - Fat Soluble & Vitamin B,C water soluble
What would the results be of another experiment Z was conducted based on the results from experiment X and Y?
If there is a experimental question where they ask you to predict a value of a experiment, see the flow of the experiment and relate it to the flow of the previous experiments conducted in the passage and reason within the text
What is the function of Reverse Transcriptase and how does it help a virus stay hidden from patients undergoing Nucleotide Analogs?
Reverse Transcriptase - An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template in Reverse Transcriptase.
Itmutates to prevent incorporation of analog drugs decreasing the effects of drugs given which is why AIDS patients are still not curable
How does a Antibody Prevent a virus from entering the cell?
Antibody production prevent Virus from entering the cell by:
1) Injecting a small amount of “live” Virus
2) Injecting “heat Killed” Virus
3) Injection of part of the outer coat of the virus.
Antibody production against revere transcriptase would not prevent the virus from entering the cell
How do you tell the indications of an experiments results?
Try to assess what is going on in the experiment and create a outcome of what was experimented with what and what was the result?
If Bacteria X was placed in a medium and then centrifuged out, and then bacteria Y was placed in after, and the growth of Bacteria Y had a different outcome from the control what was the mode of communication of the bacterias?
If the Passage says that the medium of one bacterial culture has affected the second bacterial growth after the first bacteria was removed, understand there most be a secondary mechanism of communication of the bacteria’s communicating such as a protein secreted
How to tell the if one concept relates to another on the test day?
Know the relationships between various mechanisms in the body exist that may relate to a similar concept.
Ex. hormones and receptors are similar to Nerve cells as they elicit similar responses too as well as two communicating bacterias
What happens to a bacteria if it is deficient in transcription?
Replication, transcription and translation are important for any bacterial or eukaryotic cell to replicate and survive!
if a bacteria doubles every x minutes how much will there be present in y hours with an initial of 500.
Be sure to make sure how to use logarithemic calculations for test day for bacterial growth if doubles every x amount of minutes
How do lysozymes work and what do they break down in the cell?
Understand that Lysozymes break down polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids and usually fuse with the endocytotic vesciles and digest the substances then. Sometimes they may just digest the cell itself, but if something is breaking down a substance inside the lysozyme it must be present in the lysozyme itself
If enzyme A binds substance X, and inhibits its growth, would it do the same for Enzyme C?
Enzymes are specific for their substrates and will only bind to that substrate not any other substrate!
What is the flagella? And if a cell does not contain a nucleus what organelle may it contain?
If a cell does not contain a nucleus it is similar to a bacterial cell and most likely not have any other membrane bound organelles but will contain the Flagella!
Flagella is a organelle
In Eukaryotic cells, where may DNA replication take place?
DNA replication may occur in the nucleus as well as the Mitochondria! Mitochondria have their own type of DNA replication similar to that of bacteria (endosymbiotic theory).
When the Sodium Potassium pump is active, which ion has a higher concentration inside the cell?
If no other pump is active on a cell except the Sodium Potassium pump and the Sodium Glucose pump, Then the Potassium concentration will always be higher inside the cell.
Know that when a inhibitor of a enzyme or protein is present in data the presence of it usually will be denoted by a + and absence by a -
Know that when a inhibitor of a enzyme or protein is present in data the presence of it usually will be denoted by a + and absence by a -
Read axis of graphs and captions of figures to understand what is being displayed in which perspective. Read in the passage the sentences which refer to the displayed figures.
Read axis of graphs and captions of figures to understand what is being displayed in which perspective. Read in the passage the sentences which refer to the displayed figures.
What does retrograde transport mean?
Read each key word importantly and understand retrograde transport is of which means things occur in the reverse direction.
In regards to the adaptive immune system, can you transfuse mouse antibodies into humans?
A human body will reject foreign substances because it will not recognize them and build antibodies against them. This is due to the adaptive immune system and repetetive usage will cause a cascade of antibodies and possibly hypersensitivity.
Neutrophils must adhere to endothelium before traveling through, read the answer choices properly and try to reason back with information given in the passage. Remember key words.
Neutrophils must adhere to endothelium before traveling through, read the answer choices properly and try to reason back with information given in the passage. Remember key words.
What part of the DNA process does splicing occur?
Splicing of introns and removal of remaining pieces of exons occur from DNA –>mRNA and is a step production of mRNA from transcripted pre-mRNA.
What is the Le’ Chatelier’s principle?
Le’ Chateliers principle states, the equilibrium of a reaction will favor products when the conc. of products is kept low or the forward direction. Or in general when stress is added to a system, the system will try to compensate and bring the reaction to equilibrium.
What content a PCR primer mostly entail?
PCR primers have a high GC content and G and C base pairs at 5’ and 3’ end.
What is Nondisjunction? Where does it occur?
Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes to seperate during Anaphase 1 of meiosis or the failure the failure of sister chromosomes to seperate during Anaphase 2 of Meiosis.
Which amino acids have 2 nitrogens in their formula? Which amino acids are zwiterionic at pH 7?
Only Glutamine (GLN), Asparagine (Asn), or Tryptophan (trp) have 2 nitrogen atoms in their formula and are zwiterionic at pH7.
Read the question stem properly and understand what it is asking. If there are few of something then there most likely may be a few response to that reaction.
Read the question stem properly and understand what it is asking. If there are few of something then there most likely may be a few response to that reaction.
Read data properly and understand the significant differences in the data given. Look out for NOT and EXCEPT questions - meaning every answer choice except the correct one is in line with the passage except for what the question is asking.
Read data properly and understand the significant differences in the data given. Look out for NOT and EXCEPT questions - meaning every answer choice except the correct one is in line with the passage except for what the question is asking.
Are tissue cells of single celled organisms capable of independent life?
Tissue cells 1)divide by Mitosis and are capable of 2)subcellular organelles, 3) metabolize nutrient molecules but are not capable of independent life.
what does a fatty acid composed of?
Fatty acid is composed of a hydrocarbon tail and a carboxyl head/
