Riyaz - CP - Flashcards
1
Q
What is the emprical formula and the molecular formula of Glucose ?
A
1 mol contains avogrados # of particles(6.02x10^23). Multiply the moles by the Avogrado # of particles and the # of ions in the compound, whose #of ions present you are looking for
2
Q
How do you calculate the percent composition of an atom x in the molecule xyz?
A
Emperical Formula - is the lowes-whole-number (simplest) ration of the atoms present in a molecule ex. acetylene molecular formula is C2H2, the emprical formula is CH.
Molecular Formula - Is the number of atoms present in a molecule
3
Q
What are the different types of Reactions?
A
To calculate %composition of a atom in a molecule whose Grams of usage is not given calculate the formula weight. Then divide the mass of the of atom and divide it by the molar mass and multiply it by 100%
4
Q
Calculate the actual or molecular formula of a compound whose empirical formula is given and has a mass of X amount of grams?
A
Decomposition Rxn: These are the opposite of synthesis reactions, with the format AB → A + B. Decomposition reactions “take things apart”. Just as synthesis reactions can only form one product, decomposition reactions can only start with one reactant.
Single displacement reaction: is a reaction in which 2 elements are substituted for another element in a compound. AB + C –> AC +B
Double Displacement: two compounds swap components, in the format AB + CD → AD + CB
Combustion: better known as burning, is the combination of a substance with oxygen. The products are carbon dioxide, water, and possible other waste products. C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O
5
Q
How do you calculate the # of atoms x present in a molecule containg 40 grams xyz?
A
To find molecular formula from Empirical formula, First calculate the weight of the empirical formula to see if the molecular formula and empirical formula are the same. If not, Divide the actual weight from the empirical weight which gives the coefficient. Multiply the coefficient by the empirical formula and you will get the molecular formula
6
Q
How do you calculate x in a sample weighing x grams. The average mass of that sample is y grams?
A
Calculate the # of moles of a molecule first then multiply it by the #of atoms in the molecule and then by the avogrado’s # to calculate the # of atoms of x present in the compound of a given weight
7
Q
How do you convert micrograms to miligrams or grams and militers to liters
A
When asked to calculate the amount of something present in a sample of x , learn how to convert the units and solve for the answer.
8
Q
How do you calculate for time when you want to raise the temperature of a substance by x amount of degrees?
A
Understand that 1 microgram equals 0.001miligrams and 1 ml equals 0.001Liters
Learn to convert properly to land the answer correctly
Learn how to convert to Meters, Kilograms and seconds sometimes Liters if asked for!
9
Q
What is the Ideal gas law?
A
Need to know that temperature and seconds is directly proportional when asked how long it takes to raise the temperature of a substance to x degrees
10
Q
What happens to the radius of a sphere if the volume decreases by x amounts? What happens to the diameter? What happens to the radius of the diameter increases by a factor of x amounts?
A
PV=NRT, know how to convert units
11
Q
How do you rewrite a percent increase or decrease?
A
Understand that when the radius is increased by a factor, the diameter also increases by that same factor. For the volume of a sphere V=4/3(Pi)r^2. If the volume decreases by a certain factor then r decreases by square root that factor
Ex: volume decreases by factor of 27, then r^2 = 27, 3^3=27, means radius decreased by a factor of 3. This means the diameter changes or decreased by a factor of 3 aswell
12
Q
How are length of a string and the period related for a pendulum?
A
understand a percent (x) if increased or decreased is the same as 1+(x/100) or 1-(x/100) respectively.
13
Q
what is the equation for the pendalum?
A
Understand that in a pendalum, The period is directly related to the length of the string, If he length increase so does the period, but the length is a square root value. Therefore if the period increases by a factor, the lenght increases by a square factor of the period.
14
Q
What is the Spring vibration equation as well as the relationship between the period of the spring and its frequency?
A
Understand the relationships between the variables of a pendulum equation.
15
Q
How many protons are in the atomic element number 20?
A
Understand the spring equation and the relationships between the variabes as well as the relationship between the period and the frequency.
Frequency is inversely related to the Period–> F=1/T
16
Q
What is the relationship between force and the radius of a charged particles near each other?
A
Understand that the mass number is the number of protons plus neutrons and the atomic number is the number of protons.
17
Q
What is the relationship between two charged particles and force if the particles have the same charge?
A
Understand that the radius is inversely related to the force of a two charged particles. If r approaches zero then force is infinite but if r increases F approaches zero but never reaches it. Therefore the graph should have a negative parabolic motion.
18
Q
How to calculate Km from a graph?
A
Understand that if both charged particles have the same charge it becomes Q^2 instead of q1 and q2 for the equation F=Kq1q2/r^2. Understand since the particle has the same charges, the equation becomes similar to a quadratic equation and will have a parabolic graph
19
Q
What is the effect of pi bonds of aromatic rings of the same system on the wavelength of light absorption?
A
Km is 1/2 the substrate concentration of the vmax - for a given Substrate conc vs. velocity graph.
20
Q
What does the following mutation mean? G185D
A
large systems of conjugated pi bonds in aromatic rings tend to increase the wavelength of the light absorption
21
Q
What is the catalytic efficiency of an enzyme with a Kcat of 5x10^2and a Km of 0.5?
A
The changes of amino acid residues on the mcat bio and chem phys passages given in the passage data usually are noted by a one letter abbreviation number of amino acid and the changed amino acid. Ex. L286V
22
Q
What is the catalytic efficiency of an enzyme?
A
catalytic effiency of an enzyme is its Kcat Divided By its Km
23
Q
How do you find the stereoisomers of a compound with x amount of chiral centers?
A
Given the units of a calculation question, make sure the units cancel out properly and allign with the answer choices or the units of the given in a question stem
24
Q
Would a product of a rxn precipitate or dissolve in a solution if it exceeds the solubility constant?
A
When asked about the stereoisomers of a compound calculate the number of chiral centers and use the 2^n rule
25
What is the trend of Atomic Radii size of the periodic table?
A product precipitates and creates solid like structures when it exceeds the solubility constant (Ksp) number. If it is lower than the solubility constant then it will dissolve into the solution
26
What information do you need to calculate the Current?
Atomic Radii decrease from left to right of the periodic table and increases from top to bottom. Also know that like charges repel therefore a + ion will be attracted to a (-) area when a channel opens up
27
How do you find the pH?
Current is calculated from the Potential, the resistence per length and the length. You can use the equation I=V/R. But to find R you need the Resistence per length and the length. Or R=rho (L/A)
28
what is the conc of Na+ in a 0.2 M solution of NaCl?
pH= -log(H+) and the pOH= -log(OH-) and to get pOH you do pOH=14-pH
29
How does a saccharide go through mutorotation?
The molar conc of a ion in a molecular solution is dependent on the mole ratio compared to the other ions in the molecules.
30
What is a oxidation/reduction reaction?
If a Saccharide does not contain a hemiacetal group it will not go through mutarotation. It must go through mutorotation to be oxidized. Saccharide go through mutorotation if they undergo ring opening. Ring opening occurs at the site of hemiacetal group and the intermediate is a aldehyde
31
What are the parameters of the Doppler for the light image emitted?
Oxidation/reduction reactions involve the changing of the oxidation state of a atom or the transfer of electrons of a atom by gaining or losing.
Ionization reaction - is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions
32
What type of amino acids does a hydrophobic pocket prefer?
The Doppler effect relates the 1)frequency of ultrasound wave as used by the moving detector to the 2)frequency of the wave when the source is stationary,3) the speed of the source and the 4) speed of the detector.
33
Read the passage carefully where it discusses polarity and hydrophobicity of a substrate or ligand.
Read the passage carefully where it discusses polarity and hydrophobicity of a substrate or ligand.
34
Resistence and temperature are linearly proportional therefore they have a linear graph not a logarithmic - infer from the data.
Resistence and temperature are linearly proportional therefore they have a linear graph not a logarithmic - infer from the data.
35
When two reactants are reactant and neither are chiral - can a chiral center form?
When Asked questions in relations to the data read the date carefully of the reactions to understand what changes are occuring where and why.
36
What does Sublimation do?
When a two reactants are not chiral - they most likely will not form a chiral center unless the enzyme or solution consists of a chiral center
37
Sublimation keeps the water under reduced pressure and keeping the mixture cold.
Sublimation keeps the water under reduced pressure and keeping the mixture cold.
38
Hemiacetal and cyanohydrin will hydrolyze in acid and glucose molecules are usually connected with one another.
Hemiacetal and cyanohydrin will hydrolyze in acid and glucose molecules are usually connected with one another.
39
Read the question stem carefully and rationalize time properly - do not spend too much time on a question. If you do mark it and move on.
Read the question stem carefully and rationalize time properly - do not spend too much time on a question. If you do mark it and move on.
40
Rationalize time properly on mcat questions averaging 8-10 minutes per passage and do not spend too much time on one question. Mark and move on and come back to if time permits
Rationalize time properly on mcat questions averaging 8-10 minutes per passage and do not spend too much time on one question. Mark and move on and come back to if time permits
41
How do you increase the amount of product produced in a rxn?
Rationalize time properly on mcat questions averaging 8-10 minutes per passage and do not spend too much time on one question. Mark and move on and come back to if time permits
42
What is the Henderson Hasselback equation?
To get a increase of the product you must add more reactants, increasing the catalyst enzyme will only increase the rate the product is performed not increase the amount of product.
43
What is Avagrado's number?
When asked to determine ratios of a solution for example acid to conj base, and given the ph and pka of a solution, you can use the henderson hasselbach equation to solve for the answer.
pH=pKa + logKa
pKa=-logKa
44
how to write standard atomic notation?
Avagrado's number is 1mol= 6.02x10^23 and is used to get the mole equivalent when given the # of molecules. !
45
How to find electronegativity trend on periodic table?
In standard Atomic Notation -, the mass number (or the total number of neucleons - neutrons plus protons) is written above the atomic number, (the total number of protons)
46
what determines reactivity with water?
Electronegativity increases from bottom to top and left to right of the periodic table. The higher the electronegativity and closely related to atoms are the less ionic character they will have.
47
What is the difference between, Pauli Exclusion rule, Aufbau principle and the hunds rule?
Reactivity with water is heavily based on Ionization energy. Elements with low ionization energy tend to lose their electrons easily, allowing to rapidly for oxides with water. Group 1 ions are more reactive than group 2. Ionization energy increase bottom to top and left to right on periodic table
48
What is the Bohr Model?
Pauli Exclusion rule- states that no 2 electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers. Having the same spin in the same orbital will make it have the same quantum number therefore that is not possible under this rule.
Aufbau Principle - States that electrons fill orbitals in increasing order.
Hunds Rule - Each orbital must contain one electron before any electrons are paired.
49
Bohr Model of Atom - electrons orbit the nucleus at different distances. Additionally it states these distances must be related to the energy level of the associated orbital. If this is true, electrons must emit electromagnetic radiation at specific frequencies depending on the gaps between these levels. Energy emission should be quantized - wavelength of the emitted radiation was proportional to the energy difference and Plancks constant.
Bohr Model of Atom - electrons orbit the nucleus at different distances. Additionally it states these distances must be related to the energy level of the associated orbital. If this is true, electrons must emit electromagnetic radiation at specific frequencies depending on the gaps between these levels. Energy emission should be quantized - wavelength of the emitted radiation was proportional to the energy difference and Plancks constant.
50
What is the Azimuthal quantum #?
Principal quantum #?
Magnetic quantum #?
Principle quantum number changes from block to block, 3rd d- block has a p.q.n of 3, azimuthal quantum numbers of 2 and a magnetic quantum number ranging from -2 to 2 and a spin of -1/2 to 1/2.
51
What can the inital quantum number be for uv light?
Azimuthal Quantum # - the value that denotes the subshell and the angular momentum of an electron. Tells us whether a electron is found in the s, p, d, or f subshell and also used to describe the shape of the orbital.
Principal quantum # - corresponds to an electrons subshell and energy level. Found looking at elements row in periodic table
Magnetic Quantum # - Narrows down electrons location to a particular orbital within a subshell
52
how do you calculate effective nuclear charge?
All shells can exist in a initial excited state of n=6 in principal quantum # of uv, infared and visible light
53
how do you calculate effective nuclear charge?
Effective nuclear charge can be calculated by Zeff = Z-S. Where Z is the atomic number is the atomic # and S is the # of shielding electrons.
54
What is a photoelectron?
Effective nuclear charge can be calculated by Zeff = Z-S. Where Z is the atomic number is the atomic # and S is the # of shielding electrons.
55
Photoelectrons - Photoelectron energy cannot equal the energy of a incident electron it may only be less. The intensity of a incident light is not related to the energy of a photoelectron
Photoelectrons - Photoelectron energy cannot equal the energy of a incident electron it may only be less. The intensity of a incident light is not related to the energy of a photoelectron
56
Read question stem carefully and make sure the equations given are balanced
Read question stem carefully and make sure the equations given are balanced
57
How to calculate molecular formula?
when given to write the correct formation of a reaction, check to see if something is being reduced or oxidized and then split into redox half rxns and combine.
58
how to calulate emprical formula of unknown substance given the compounds mass.
When asked to calculate molecular formula from percent composition. Assume 100. Get the molar ratio for each atom. Then divide the molar ratios by the molar value of the atom with the smallest # of moles. This should give you the molecular formula - but if it doesnt, then calculate the molecular mass of the new compound molecular formular and compare to the molecular mass given and multiple by the number needed to get the correct answer
59
how to calculate the number of moles present of a given product from the mass of the reactants present?
When given to calculate empirical formula of a molucule that undergoes combustion - understand all of the Carbon values will be in carbon dioxide and all of the hydrogen values will be in water. Calculate the molar mass of the carbon in carbon dioxide by calculating the number of moles of carbon present in CO2 and then finding the mass of carbon. Then Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen in H2O given the the mass present and further finding the mass of hydrogen. Then subtract the mass of hydrogen and carbon present from the total mass of the unkown compound to get the mass of the oxygen present. Then you can get the number of moles of oxygen present by the molar mass value of oxygen. Then divide all moles from the lowest mole value and you will get the empirical formula.
60
How to calculate limiting reagent?
To get the number of moles of a product produced by the number of grams present of a specific reactant, first see if the equation is balanced, then check the molar ratios. if they are equal simply solve for the number of moles of the reactant based on the grams present and then solve for the number of moles of the product given the molar ratio.
61
How to caluclate the theoretical yield given a reaction?
To calculate L.R first find the molar ratios. then calculate the number of moles of each reagent. Then see which reagent is less in moles and how much of other reagent it takes to completely react with it. Then given the values you can see which is excess once it is fully reacted. simply subtract given grams by grams used.
62
how to calculate normality?
To calculate the theoretical yield, look for the limiting reagent first by finding the number of moles of the reactants of present and the using the molar ratios you can find the moles of the product present and then the mass present with the number of moles
63
Normality deals with the gram equivalent weight over the liters of solution present. So you can take the hydrogen ion conc divide it by the number of liters of water present and get normality.
Normality deals with the gram equivalent weight over the liters of solution present. So you can take the hydrogen ion conc divide it by the number of liters of water present and get normality.
64
make sure to select the answer choice you are thinking to pick
make sure to select the answer choice you are thinking to pick
65
make sure to keep track of the decimal places when dividing?
make sure to keep track of the decimal places when dividing?
66
only calculate what it is asking for, sometimes mcat throws random numbers to confuse you which may be irrelevant to what the question is asking
only calculate what it is asking for, sometimes mcat throws random numbers to confuse you which may be irrelevant to what the question is asking
67
how to calculate energy released from a particle?
Read the question properly
68
how to calucalte number of sample in a decay?
When asked to calculate energy released for the production of one nucleus, dont forgot to calculate mass defect and then use the e=mc^2. c=speed of light 3x10^8
69
what is faradays constant?
When asked to calculate the amound of sample size in decaying particles, measure the number of emissions and from the number of emissions understand the particle is going through a decay therefore find the original mass by accomadating the number of emissions respective to the decay time
70
energy of a photon equation
Faradays constant is 10^5C and is equivalent to 1mole electron
71
e=hf
e=hf
72
what changes in a different isotopes?
keep eye out for except and not questions
73
what is the principal factor determining the migration of individual components in a sample when the stationary phase absorbs water.
mass number is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Isotopes will have the same atomic number which is the number of protons but a different mass number.
74
In the stationary phase of chromatography, if water is considered the stationary phase or in general the migration of seperating the various sol'ns will be based up the strength of hydrogen bonding
In the stationary phase of chromatography, if water is considered the stationary phase or in general the migration of seperating the various sol'ns will be based up the strength of hydrogen bonding
75
what does stereospecific mean?
Make sure to make a understanding or flow chart of sequence of events occuring in a passage involving experiments to see what is happening
76
Why is a nucleophilic substitution slower in other alcohols compared to primary alcohol?
Stereospecific = of a reaction) preferentially producing a particular stereoisomeric form of the product, irrespective of the configuration of the reactant.
77
when a primary alcohol is changed to secondary or tertiary or any other alcohol in a molecule, nucleophilic substition slows down the rate of rxn due to steric hinderance. this causes the nucleophiles to collide with reacting electrophilic center.
when a primary alcohol is changed to secondary or tertiary or any other alcohol in a molecule, nucleophilic substition slows down the rate of rxn due to steric hinderance. this causes the nucleophiles to collide with reacting electrophilic center.
78
What type of substance will have the first peak in a Gas liquid chromatography?
Read question properly and understand the a direct product does not have a extra hydride shift. Therefore when asked for a direct product you must look for products that do not consist of another hydride shift
79
What happens in a SN2 rxn?
In a gas liquid chromatography the substance that has the weakest intermolecular forces and lowest molecular weight, will tend to migrate first and show up as the first peak in the gc trace
80
?
When looking at a nucleophilic substitution understand if it is a SN2 rxn or SN1 rxn - if it is a SN2 rxn the product will be a formed behind the leaving group because the leaving group leaves from the opposite side of the rxn center.
81
When asked to see which is group will leave first label the groups that are not exchanged with other groups present prior to reacting
When asked to see which is group will leave first label the groups that are not exchanged with other groups present prior to reacting
82
What happens to the ionization of a weak acid if you add a strong acid like HCl?
Always make sure units are the same and use the thin lens formula properly S=1/O +1/I
83
Intensity of a electromagnetic radiation is proportional to what value?
Adding a strong acid to a weak acid will decrease the percent ionization of the weak acid because you are increasing the number of H+ ions present in the sol;n
84
What is the equation for the energy of a photon?
The energy of electromagnetic radiation is directly proportional to the # of photons emitted and the intensity of electromagnetic radiation is defined as the energy emitted per unit time,
85
how to find work from power?
Energy of a photon = E=hf, where f is the frequency and h is plancks constant 6.6x10^-34
86
Difference between intermolecular and intramolecular forces?
The equation of power =w/t and when given a graph in ml vs the power always convert the l to ml per the unit time given. The work done will be the power times the time it takes to produce that ml of fluid
87
What role do thiol groups provide in a compound?
intermolecular forces are the bonds that hold multiple molecules together, whereas intramolecular forces are the forces a single molecule together. When multiple molecules of a compound form a miscelle to form a strong solid compound after rxn, the intermolecular covalent bonds are what hold it together.
88
can you phosphorylate a hydrophobic amino acid?
When asked to see what amino acids are present in a compound look at the structure carefully
89
What causes pH dependence aggregation in compounds??
Cannot phosphorylate a hydrophobic amino acid
90
How to calculate change in net charge of amino acids?
pH dependence of aggregation of a molecule is dependent on the side chains of the molecule that react to the pH. Acidic side chains deprotonate and form negative charges in high pH and at low ph remain neutral, allowing aggregation.
91
Difference between phosphotase and kinase?
When asked to calculate the change of charge in amino acids being changed the - calculate total charge of initial amino acids and total charge of final amino acids. The difference between the two is the change in net charge at pH 7
92
Where does branching occur in glycogen?
Read passage carefully and understande a phophatase removes phosphate groups and a kinase adds phophate groups
93
How to calculate ratio of ratio of object height vs Image height
Branching occurs in the site of Alpha 1,6-glycocidic bond.
94
The ratio of a image height to the object height is equal to the ratio of lens- image distance to the object-lens image distance. Use the thin lens formula you can find the ratio.
The ratio of a image height to the object height is equal to the ratio of lens- image distance to the object-lens image distance. Use the thin lens formula you can find the ratio.
95
what happens when you increase the surface area of a heterogenous catalyst?
Make sure to choose the answer choice you are sure of before moving to the next question.
96
Grinding a heterogeneous catalyst increases the amount of catalyst available increasing the surface area exposed to the substrate which will further increase the rate of the rxn.
Grinding a heterogeneous catalyst increases the amount of catalyst available increasing the surface area exposed to the substrate which will further increase the rate of the rxn.
97
How do you calculate resistence?
When a new solid forms in a oxidation reduction rxn, most likely the solid formation due to the atom added is more likely to be oxized
98
What is the common ion effect?
V=iR and when resistence is nearly negligble the value will be closer to 0
99
Units of power?
Common ion effect - states that in a chemical solution, if the concentration of any one of the ions is increased, then, some of the ions in excess should be removed from solution, by combining with the oppositely charged ions. Some of the salt will be precipitated until the ion product is equal to the solubility equilibrium|solubility product.
the common ion effect is the suppression of the degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte containing a common ion.
100
The Units of power include: W
| J/S, ft*lb/s, and kg*m^2/s^3
The Units of power include: W
| J/S, ft*lb/s, and kg*m^2/s^3
101
what is aldol condensation?
"Aldol condensation - An aldol condensation is a condensation reaction in organic chemistry in which an enol or an enolate ion reacts with a carbonyl compound to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone, followed by dehydration to give a conjugated enone.
You get a double bond and lose a O2"
102
what is the doppler effect?
"Doppler effect - an increase (or decrease) in the frequency of sound, light, or other waves as the source and observer move toward (or away from) each other.
In the case of a person on a train travelling towards a siren - the frequency that the person on the railcar hears before passing the siren is larger than the actual frequency of the sound emitted, while the person hears a frequency lower than the actual frequency after passing the horn."
103
What is the velocity vs time graph tell you?
Read the passage carefully and understand the graph of velocity vs time gives you the acceleration with the slope
104
What determines the relative thermodynamic stability of isomeric compounds?
Relative thermodynamic stability of Isomers can be determined based on the amount of heat produced when the compounds are combusted; the less heat produced the greater the stability
105
what is the best place to label a molecule when water is the solvent ? hint: lone pairs
Tritium labeling will not exchange tritium ion ions in water therefore when radioactively labeling you want to pick a molecule without lone pairs which will not protonate or deprotonate perhaps like a c-h molecule.
106
When asked about orbitals or trends based of periodic table always refer back to the periodic table for help
When asked about orbitals or trends based of periodic table always refer back to the periodic table for help
107
What is the frequency and how is it calculated?
The frequency is 1/T or C(speed of light in m/s) /wavelength(in m). And the energy of a photon is E=hf. Therefore when given wavelength you can calculate the energy of a photon as E=h(c/wavelength)
108
What do oxidizing agents do and reducing agents?
Try to reason with the answer choices and prove them wrong but also try to keep your gut answer choice. Remember oxidizing agents are needed to oxidize a molecule and reducing agents to reduce.
109
How to lower the pH of a buffer
To lower the pH of a buffer, the proportion of acidic buffer component must be increased. Adding strong base, diluting with water, or adding a different basic salt will not lower the ph.
110
What is the byproduct of peptide bond formation?
Peptide bond formation is accompanied by the formation of water as a by-product, and the mass of water is 18amu. The water released as by-product of peptide bond formation from the OH of the carboxyl group and the NH of the Amino group, and the mass of h20 is the sum of its atomic masses.
111
What are good parameters to get reliable michaelis menten enzyme kinetics?
"The conditions necessary to get reliable data for Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics include;
1) initial velocity is measured under steady state conditions
2) the conc of enzyme is lower than the substrate
3) the sol'n pH remains constant at all substrate conc.
ALL OF THESE ARE WILL OBTAIN RELIABLE Vo VERSUS SUBSTRATE CONC. DATA TO COLLECT Km and Vmax.
But holding the rxn to equilibrium before the measurements are taken will make it impossible to figure out Vo and the kinetic data will look the same regardless of substrate conc. "
112
What is acetylation?
Acetylation means adding a RC=O bond to the molecule
113
Read the graphs properly and try not to make bizarre connections and only relate whats in the graph to what the question is asking
Read the graphs properly and try not to make bizarre connections and only relate whats in the graph to what the question is asking
114
How to calculate hydronium ion conc from ph?
Ph = -log(ka). and the pH +pOH=14 and (H+) x(OH-) =10^-14
115
what is the ring substiutuent on a phenol?
Understand that the hydroxyl group is the ring subsituent on a phenol and can for reactive oxygenation species on the oxygen molecule as it gets oxidized
116
What involves the coordination of a cation?
"Lews bases coordinate with cations.
Atoms must be a lewis base to coordinate and oxygen is a lewis base atom present in the side chains of amino acids that has either a partially pnegative charge or negative charge. Nitrogen has a partially postive chain in the peptide backbone due to resonance and is less likely to coordinate a calcium bond. "
117
"What is a porphyrin at the core?
"
"Heme is a porphyrin. The porphyrin basic unit is a pyrrole ring, a five-sided heterocycle containing one nitrogen atom.
Heterocycle compound or ring structure is a cyclic compound that has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring"
118
What is resitivity and conductivity?
"Resistivity is the specific electrical resistance. It is calculated by the formula R=pL/A . R is the resistence of the material, L is the length of the material, A is the crossectional area and p (rho) is the resistivity. Resistivity is also the inverse of a conductivity. Resitivity is measured in OhmsxMeters.
Conductivity = 1/p."
119
" DeltaGo for a a chemical process is defined as?
and what is the Keq for unfolding of a Dna molecule?"
"Since a experiment is discussing unfolding of DNA the unfolding is considered the product and the Keq is supposed to be Keq= [product]/[reactant] and therefore for DNA it is Keq=[unfolding]/[reactant]
and the Delta G for transition is defined as
dG= -RTlnKeq."
120
What is cooperativity?
"Cooperativity is measures as the slope of the unfolding transition. pK is the pH at which the fraction of folded dna is half.
interaction process by which binding of a ligand to one site on a macromolecule (enzyme, receptor, etc.) influences binding at a second site, e.g. between the substrate binding sites of an allosteric enzyme."
121
What is cation exchange chromatography?
Cation exchange only binds to positively charged proteins, which only occurs when the ph is less than the PI.
122
Read the graphs properly and understand what is going on and read the trends when asked about questions with data
Read the graphs properly and understand what is going on and read the trends when asked about questions with data
123
The frequency of a wave is not affected by the medium through which it propagates
The frequency of a wave is not affected by the medium through which it propagates
124
How to find Ksp?
Ksp is defined for equilibrium between a solids and its respective ions in a solution. Its value indicates the degree to which a compound dissociates in water. The higher the solubility product constant, the more soluble the compound. So for calcium carbonate it will be the product of the calcium ion conc and the carbonate ion conc.
125
Remember to make sure you answer all the questions and move on with questions that take longer time so that you can get to all the question and then come back to them if time permits or else you will not be able to answer easy questions.
Remember to make sure you answer all the questions and move on with questions that take longer time so that you can get to all the question and then come back to them if time permits or else you will not be able to answer easy questions.
126
Missed the part where it was asking about one peanut calorie not 10. forgot to multiply by 10
Missed the part where it was asking about one peanut calorie not 10. forgot to multiply by 10
127
How many hydroxide ions does it require to hydrolyze one ester linkage?
One Hydroxide ion is required to hydrolyze one ester linkage of a triacylglycerol.
128
what is fuming sulfuric acid?
Fuming sulfurinc acid is pure and aqueous sulfuric acid has lots of water
129
how much is 10ppm to ppb?
.01ppm is = to 10ppb
130
what is a amide?
amine + ester = amide bond
131
what is LAH
"LAH is a strong reducing agent
Reduction of aldehydes will yield a primary alcohol."
