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IGCSE Geography > rivers > Flashcards

rivers Flashcards

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1
Q

characteristics of rivers

A
  • width
  • depth
  • speed of flow
  • discharge`
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2
Q

width of river

A

the distance between to banks

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3
Q

depth of river

A

the distance between the surface of water and the riverbed

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4
Q

speed of flow of river

A

the velocity of water in the river

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5
Q

discharge of river

A

the volume of water in the river

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6
Q

characteristics of drainage basin

A
  • watershed
  • tributary
  • confluence
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7
Q

watershed

A

marks the boundary of the drainage basin

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8
Q

tributary

A

small rivers joining into the main river

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9
Q

confluence

A

the point where the tributary joins the main river

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10
Q

process of erosion

A
  • abrasion
  • hydraulic action
  • attrition
  • solution (corrosion)
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11
Q

abrasion river

A

where sand and pebbles are dragged along the river bed, wearing it away

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12
Q

hydraulic action river

A

where fast-flowing water is forced into cracks, breaking up the bank over time

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13
Q

attrition river

A

where rocks and stones wear each other away as they knock together, becoming smaller and more rounded

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14
Q

solution river

A

where rocks such as limestone are dissolved in acid rainwater

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15
Q

process of transportation in a river

A
  • traction
  • saltation
  • suspension
  • solution
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16
Q

traction river

A

large stones are dragged along the river bed

17
Q

saltation river

A

smaller stones or pebbles are picked up then dropped again in a “leapfrog motion”

18
Q

suspension river

A

tiny particles of sediment are carried as a suspension in the river water making it look murky

19
Q

solution river

A

dissolved salts and minerals are carried by the river water

20
Q

what is a drainage basin

A

area of land drained by a river and its tributaries

21
Q

what is interception in a drainage basin

A

leaves and branches of trees catch rainwater

22
Q

what is infiltration in a drainage basin

A

rain soaks into the ground

23
Q

what is throughflow in a drainage basin

A

some water flows through the soil

24
Q

what is groundwater flow in a drainage basin

A

some water continues into solid rock to form groundwater

25
Q

what is evaporation in a drainage basin

A

due to the sun’s heat. some river water evaporates

26
Q

what is overland flow in a drainage basin

A

if the ground is very hard or very wet rain flows overground

27
Q

upper course of the river characteristics

A

steep long profile with a steep and v-shaped cross profile (water flow is fastest here)

28
Q

middle course of river

A

gentler long profile and cross profile

29
Q

lower course of river

A

gentle long profile and almost flat cross profile (water flow is slowest here)

30
Q

formation of waterfalls process

A
  • alternating layers of hard and soft rock present
  • hard rock resists erosion whereas softer rock is eroded rapidly
  • plunge pool forms
  • overhang develops
  • plunge pool deepens
  • process repeats causing waterfall to retreat
  • gorge forms
31
Q

formation of potholes process

A
  • smooth rounded hollows formed in the river bed by vertical erosion
  • formed by stones trapped in hollows on the river bed
  • eddies in the water swirl the trapped stones around, causing abrasion
  • this causes the stone to drill down into the riverbed
  • hollows become deeper and wider and may join together to form larger potholes
32
Q

formation of oxbow lake process

A
  • river flows around a meander
  • erosion on outer bends due to faster flowing water
  • hydraulic action and abrasion involved
  • helical flow of water adds to the faster erosion
  • deposition on inside bends due to slower flowing water
  • river becomes more sinuous, winding around meanders
  • neck of meander reduced in thickness
  • eventually river erodes across neck and river flows straight on
  • during time of flood, deposition seals former meander
  • oxbow lake formed
33
Q

formation of delta process

A
  • large amounts of sediment brought downstream
  • deposition in lower course as speed of flow is reduced
  • flocculation occurs due to salt in water
  • deposited silt blocks course of river which splits into distributaries to reach the sea
  • deposited materials are not washed away due to lack of current
  • colonization by vegetation occurs and delta is formed
34
Q

what are floodplains

A
  • a wide and flat piece of land found on both sides of a river
  • covered in alluvium (rock particles such as sand, clay and silt) deposited by the river
35
Q

what are levees

A

naturally raised banks by the riversides made up of deposited coarser materials

36
Q

hazards of living near rivers

A
  • erosion
  • marsh lands not suitable for firm houses
  • mosquitoes contaminate and spread diseases
  • difficulty to get to other side of river
  • roads cant be built on rivers
  • flooding
37
Q

managing river flooding

A
  • reservoirs/dams built upstream
  • increase height of banks
  • artificial levees
  • afforestation
  • overflow channels
  • straighten channel
  • dredging
  • widening river
  • warning systems
  • land zoning
38
Q

managing river erosion

A
  • strengthen banks by adding hard rocks to banks or placing rock barriers infront of banks
  • use gablons
  • concrete river channel

IGCSE Geography (13 decks)

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