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IGCSE Geography > coasts > Flashcards

coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

hydraulic action coasts

A

water forced into cracks compressing the air inside by forcing rock apart

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2
Q

corrasion coasts

A

loose rocks thrown against the cliff by waves

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3
Q

attrition coasts

A

loose sediment in water constantly collides with other sediment becoming smaller and rounder

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4
Q

corrosion coasts

A

acids in seawater dissolve material of cliff rocks

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5
Q

traction coasts

A

larger pebbles and cobbles rolled around seabed

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6
Q

saltation coasts

A

small pebbles bounced along seabed in “leapfrog motion”

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7
Q

suspension coasts

A

fine sediment carried as suspension in water

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8
Q

solution coasts

A

dissolved material carried along in solution

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9
Q

formation of headlands and bays

A

-hydraulic action
-corrasion
-corrosion
-hard and soft rocks present alternately
-joints (bedding planes)
-differential erosion: soft rocks erodes more rapidly forming bays and hard rock erodes less rapidly forming headland
(also can be crack to stack)

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10
Q

what is wave swash

A

wave that approaches beach

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11
Q

what is backwash

A

wave that leaves the beach into the sea

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12
Q

constructive waves property

A
  • lower energy
  • stronger swash
  • less than 8 waves per min
  • lower height
  • deposit material on the beach
  • longer wavelength
  • further distance between wave crests
  • spill forward gently
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13
Q

destructive waves properties

A
  • higher energy
  • stronger backwash
  • 13-15 waves per min
  • greater height
  • erode beach material
  • shorter wavelength
  • smaller distance between
  • wave crests
  • plunge forward
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14
Q

what is longshore drift

A
  • prevailing winds cause waves to approach at an angle to the shore
  • swash carries loose material up the beach at an angle (in the same direction as prevailing wind)
  • backwash takes material back out at 90 deg
  • zigzag motion moves material along the beach
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15
Q

(coast) spit properties

A
  • long and thing
  • curved hooked end
  • stretches partly across estuary
  • made of sand shingle
  • low in height (just above sea level)
  • salt marsh develops behind spit
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16
Q

formation of sand dunes

A
  • wind blows from the sea
  • wind picks up sand particles
  • wind drops them around an obstacle
  • dunes increase in size due to more build up of sand (deposition)
  • colonization by vegetation anchors sand forming sand dune
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17
Q

conditions required for coral reefs

A
  • warm water (18-27 C)
  • shallow water (less than 60m)
  • water free from sediment
  • plentiful supply of oxygen in water
  • plentiful supply of plankton
  • calm water (no strong currents)
  • pH 8 or above
  • high salinity
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18
Q

what are mangrove swamps

A

areas of vegetation found along sheltered tropical coastlines and estuaries

19
Q

conditions of mangrove swamp

A
  • temp above 20C
  • large area between high and low watermark
  • salty water
  • no strong waves or tidal currents
20
Q

mangrove adaptations

A
  • specially adapted roots to filter salt

- roots prop tree up and take in oxygen in low tide

21
Q

coastal hazards

A
  • coastal erosion
  • coastal flooding
  • tropical storms
  • tsunamis
  • cliff collapse
22
Q

what is a sea wall

A

large walls constructed from concrete, steel or stone located along the shoreline of a beach

23
Q

advantages of sea wall

A

-protects cliffs from upland erosion and is a barrier to flooding

24
Q

disadvantages of sea wall

A

eaves can erode the wall defeating its purpose, and is expensive to implement and maintain

25
Q

what is a groyne

A

wooden fence-like barriers built at right angles at the beach

26
Q

groyne advantages

A

prevents longshore drift, flooding and erosion, allows beach to build up

27
Q

groyne disadvantages

A

can create erosion further down the coast

is unattractive and expensive

28
Q

what is a gabion

A

bundles or rocks in metal mesh located at cliff bases

29
Q

gabion advantages

A

reduces impact of waves

30
Q

gabion disadvantages

A

inexpensive hard engineering structure, but not very effective or attractive

31
Q

what is a revetment

A

slanted structures made from concrete, wood or rocks along a cliff

32
Q

revetment advantages

A

prevents cliff erosion as it absorbs the waves energy

33
Q

revetment disadvantages

A

expensive to implement

can create a strong backwash

34
Q

what is a coastal barrage

A

partly submerged dam-like structures that can control tidal flow

35
Q

coastal barrage advantages

A

create a more consistent water level, can be used to create hydroelectricity

36
Q

coastal barrage disadvantages

A

has a strong impact on the enivronment and expensive to maintain and implement

37
Q

what is rock armor/rip rap

A

large boulders or rocks piled up on a beach infront of a cliff or seawall

38
Q

rock armor/rip rap advantages

A

absorbs energy of waves and helps build up beaches

39
Q

rock armor/rip rap disadvantages

A

expensive to implement and maintain

40
Q

what is beach nourishment

A

beach made wider using sand and shingle

41
Q

advantages of beach nourishment

A

increases distance a wave has to travel, slowing it down and preventing erosion

42
Q

disadvantages of beach nourishment

A

sand and shingle need to be sourced from somewhere else, usually by dredging
requires a lot of maintenance and can be costly

43
Q

coastal opportunities

A
  • water supply and irrigation
  • farming
  • tourism
  • settlement
  • transport
  • ports and trade
  • fishing
  • industry

IGCSE Geography (13 decks)

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