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Year 9 Geography > Rivers > Flashcards

Rivers Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of precipitation?

A

Water falls to the ground as precipitation. Usually in the form of rain, but can include snow, sleet and hail

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2
Q

What is the definition of surface water?

A

Water that falls on land, often flows over the ground as streams and rivers

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3
Q

What is the definition of groundwater?

A

Some rainwater will sock into the soil and pass slowly through the rocks as groundwater flow.

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4
Q

What is the definition of transpiration?

A

On land, plants and tree take up water through their roots in order to grow. Some of this water is returned to the air from the leaves by a process called transpiration

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5
Q

What is the order of the water cycle?

A 
1-precipitation 
2-surface water
3-groundwater
4-transpiration 
5-evaporation
6-condensation
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6
Q

What is the definition of evaporation?

A

The process where water on the earths surface is passed into the atmosphere. This is invisible.

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7
Q

What is the definition of condensation?

A

Once in the air, water vapour rises and cools. As it cools, it begins to condense, turning it from a vapour, back into water droplets to form clouds

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8
Q

What is the order of the drainage basin?

A 
1-surface runoff
2-infiltration
3-throughflow
4-percolation 
5-ground water flow
6-interception
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9
Q

What is the definition of surface runoff?

A

Here water moves directly over the surface in eg- a river

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10
Q

What is the definition of infiltration?

A

This is the process where water soaks into the soil

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11
Q

What is the definition of throughflow?

A

This is the process where water flows through soil towards eg- a river

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12
Q

What is the definition of percolation?

A

This is the process where water moves into underlying rock

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13
Q

What is the definition of groundwater flow?

A

This is the process where water flows through rock towards eg- a river

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14
Q

What is the definition of interception?

A

This is when roots from plants and trees suck up water from the soil as part of their growth. They intercept water.

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15
Q

What is meant by the source of a river?

A

The start of a river

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16
Q

What is meant by the mouth of a river?

A

Where a river joins the sea

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17
Q

What is meant by the tributary of a river?

A

A small stream that joins a larger river

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18
Q

What is meant by a meander?

A

A sweeping bend in a river

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19
Q

What is meant by the confluence of a river?

A

The point where 2 rivers join

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20
Q

What is meant by the term drainage basin?

A

The area drained by a river system

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21
Q

What is meant by the term watershed?

A

A raised area of land separating two drainage basins

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22
Q

What can a river be split up into?

A

Three parts;

  • upper course
  • middle course
  • lower course
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23
Q

Processes of river erosion:

What is the definition of hydraulic action?

A

This process involves the force of water against the bed and banks

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24
Q

Processes of river erosion:

What is the definition of abrasion/corrasion?

A

The process by which the bed and banks are worn down by the rivers load.

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25
Processes of river erosion: | What is the definition of attrition?
Material (the load) carried by the river, bump into each other and so are smoothed and broken down into smaller particles.
26
Processes of river erosion: | What is the definition of corrosion?
The chemical action of river water. The acids in the water slowly dissolve the bed and the banks
27
How is material transported downstream: | What is the definition of traction?
Boulders and pebbles are rolled along the river bed
28
How is material transported downstream: | What is the definition of saltation?
Sand sized particles are bounced along the river bed by the flow of water
29
How is material transported downstream: | What is the definition of suspension?
Small particles are carried along within the river
30
How is material transported downstream: | What is the definition of solution?
Some minerals are dissolved in the water
31
What are the parts that make up a river system, in order
- source - mouth - tributary - meander - confluence - drainage basin - watershed
32
What are the names of the landforms that occur in the upper course of a river
- V shaped valley - interlocking Spurs - waterfall formation
33
What are the names of the main processes that operate in the middle and lower course of a river
- erosion is still important - the river is now flowing over flatter land, so erosion is lateral (from side to side) - the river has greater discharge and so has more energy to transport material - deposition also occurs
34
What are the names of the landforms found in the middle and lower course of a river
- meander - a cross section through a meander (look at diagram) - oxbow lakes - floodplain
35
Interlocking Spurs In the.......course the river does not have a huge amount of........to....... When the river meets areas of.......................that are difficult to......it winds around them. A series of.....form on either side of the.......these are called....as the river flows around these.....they become...........
``` Upper Energy Erode Harder rock Erode Hills River Spurs Hills Interlocked ```
36
What are the main processes operating in the upper course of a river
Processes of river erosion
37
V shaped valley: A rivers...........is....in the......course and so the river only has enough........to...................... This is called.....................
``` Discharge Low Course Energy Erode downwards Vertical erosion ```
38
What is the definition of discharge
The amount of water in a river at a given point
39
What is step 1 to waterfall formation
A river meets a layer of less resistant rock
40
What is step 2 of waterfall formation
The underlying rock is eroded more quickly by eg - abrasion
41
What is step three to waterfall formation
This causes undercutting
42
What is step 4 to waterfall formation
The more resistant rock is left unsupported
43
What is step 5 to waterfall formation
It collapses and helps to form a deep plunge pool
44
What is step 6 to waterfall formation
The process is repeated and the waterfall retreats to form a gorge
45
List the first way a flood can be prevented
Planting trees in a river basin, the trees act as a break on rainfall and reduce the amount of rain reaching the ground, trees also use up water as they grow
46
List the second way floods can be prevented
River channels are made larger by dredging, so that they can hold more water
47
List the third way floods can be prevented
Walls called flood embankments are built to increase the height of the river channel
48
What is the forth way to prevent floods
Flood relief (by-pass) channels can be built around towns. They divert excess water out of rivers and reduce the risk of flooding
49
A cross section through a meander | What was the the 1st bullet point on this^
In the middle course, rivers erode laterally (side to side)
50
A cross section through a meander | What was the second bullet point on this^
Water is pushed to the outer bend of a meander
51
A cross section through a meander | What was the third point on this^
The river erodes the outer bend to form a river cliff eg- abrasion, hydraulic action
52
A cross section through a meander | What was the fourth point on this^
The river moves to the inner bend and deposits material. This is called a slip off slope
53
How is a river cliff formed
The river erodes the outer bend to form a river cliff eg-abrasion, hydraulic action
54
How is a slip off slope formed
The river moves to the inner bend and deposits material. This is called a slip off slope
55
What is a flood plain
A floodplain is a feature found in the lower course of a river, as a result of deposition
56
How are floodplains formed
Floodplains are formed by deposition in times of river flood
57
Floodplains: | What is the rivers load composed of
Different sized particles
58
Floodplains | When a river floods what particles does it deposit first
The heaviest
59
Floodplains | The larger particles often pebble sized form....
Leveés
60
What are floodplains very good for and why
For farming as the soil is very fertile
61
What is a flood
A flood is when there is too much water for a river channel to hold. The excess water simply spills over the rivers banks and floods the neighbouring land
62
In the U.K. When do floods normally occur
In early spring, when heavy rain and melting snows combine to produce more water that the river channels can hold
63
When a river floods where is the material it is carrying deposited
On surrounding land to create a floodplain
64
What is the material that is deposited to surrounding called and name 2 things about
This material is called alluvium and is very fertile, this makes floodplains attractive to farmers
65
Case study of Spanish Pyrenees | What?
A flash flood sent torrents if water, mud, rocks and uprooted trees through a campsites
66
Case study of Spanish Pyrenees | When
August 1996
67
Case study of Spanish Pyrenees | Where
Mountains of northern Spain, Spanish Pyrenees
68
Case study of Spanish Pyrenees | Who
60 people killed, 200 injured
69
Case study of Spanish Pyrenees | Why
The flood followed 2 days of heavy rain and thunderstorms, some of the many small streams, flowing down the mountainside burst their banks. A bridge above the campsite became blocked by broken tree trunks, water collected behind the bridge and then the bright gave way, all the water that had built up behind the bridge poured through the campsite
70
List some natural causes of flooding
Heavy rainfall- saturates the ground | Snow melt- snow turns to water and adds to water going in the river
71
List some human causes of flooding
removal of trees-root of tree suck up water Concrete surfaces - these surfaces are impermeable ie- don't allow water to pass through. Therefore takes water quickly back to river
72
What is a flash flood
A flood that happens very quickly without prior warning
73
How is a levée formed
When a river floods it deposits the heaviest of these particles first, the larger particles often pebble sized form levées

Year 9 Geography (7 decks)

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