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Year 9 Geography > Rivers > Flashcards

Rivers Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of precipitation?

A

Water falls to the ground as precipitation. Usually in the form of rain, but can include snow, sleet and hail

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2
Q

What is the definition of surface water?

A

Water that falls on land, often flows over the ground as streams and rivers

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3
Q

What is the definition of groundwater?

A

Some rainwater will sock into the soil and pass slowly through the rocks as groundwater flow.

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4
Q

What is the definition of transpiration?

A

On land, plants and tree take up water through their roots in order to grow. Some of this water is returned to the air from the leaves by a process called transpiration

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5
Q

What is the order of the water cycle?

A 
1-precipitation 
2-surface water
3-groundwater
4-transpiration 
5-evaporation
6-condensation
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6
Q

What is the definition of evaporation?

A

The process where water on the earths surface is passed into the atmosphere. This is invisible.

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7
Q

What is the definition of condensation?

A

Once in the air, water vapour rises and cools. As it cools, it begins to condense, turning it from a vapour, back into water droplets to form clouds

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8
Q

What is the order of the drainage basin?

A 
1-surface runoff
2-infiltration
3-throughflow
4-percolation 
5-ground water flow
6-interception
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9
Q

What is the definition of surface runoff?

A

Here water moves directly over the surface in eg- a river

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10
Q

What is the definition of infiltration?

A

This is the process where water soaks into the soil

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11
Q

What is the definition of throughflow?

A

This is the process where water flows through soil towards eg- a river

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12
Q

What is the definition of percolation?

A

This is the process where water moves into underlying rock

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13
Q

What is the definition of groundwater flow?

A

This is the process where water flows through rock towards eg- a river

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14
Q

What is the definition of interception?

A

This is when roots from plants and trees suck up water from the soil as part of their growth. They intercept water.

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15
Q

What is meant by the source of a river?

A

The start of a river

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16
Q

What is meant by the mouth of a river?

A

Where a river joins the sea

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17
Q

What is meant by the tributary of a river?

A

A small stream that joins a larger river

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18
Q

What is meant by a meander?

A

A sweeping bend in a river

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19
Q

What is meant by the confluence of a river?

A

The point where 2 rivers join

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20
Q

What is meant by the term drainage basin?

A

The area drained by a river system

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21
Q

What is meant by the term watershed?

A

A raised area of land separating two drainage basins

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22
Q

What can a river be split up into?

A

Three parts;

  • upper course
  • middle course
  • lower course
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23
Q

Processes of river erosion:

What is the definition of hydraulic action?

A

This process involves the force of water against the bed and banks

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24
Q

Processes of river erosion:

What is the definition of abrasion/corrasion?

A

The process by which the bed and banks are worn down by the rivers load.

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25
Q

Processes of river erosion:

What is the definition of attrition?

A

Material (the load) carried by the river, bump into each other and so are smoothed and broken down into smaller particles.

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26
Q

Processes of river erosion:

What is the definition of corrosion?

A

The chemical action of river water. The acids in the water slowly dissolve the bed and the banks

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27
Q

How is material transported downstream:

What is the definition of traction?

A

Boulders and pebbles are rolled along the river bed

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28
Q

How is material transported downstream:

What is the definition of saltation?

A

Sand sized particles are bounced along the river bed by the flow of water

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29
Q

How is material transported downstream:

What is the definition of suspension?

A

Small particles are carried along within the river

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30
Q

How is material transported downstream:

What is the definition of solution?

A

Some minerals are dissolved in the water

31
Q

What are the parts that make up a river system, in order

A
  • source
  • mouth
  • tributary
  • meander
  • confluence
  • drainage basin
  • watershed
32
Q

What are the names of the landforms that occur in the upper course of a river

A
  • V shaped valley
  • interlocking Spurs
  • waterfall formation
33
Q

What are the names of the main processes that operate in the middle and lower course of a river

A
  • erosion is still important
  • the river is now flowing over flatter land, so erosion is lateral (from side to side)
  • the river has greater discharge and so has more energy to transport material
  • deposition also occurs
34
Q

What are the names of the landforms found in the middle and lower course of a river

A
  • meander
  • a cross section through a meander (look at diagram)
  • oxbow lakes
  • floodplain
35
Q

Interlocking Spurs
In the…….course the river does not have a huge amount of……..to……. When the river meets areas of…………………..that are difficult to……it winds around them. A series of…..form on either side of the…….these are called….as the river flows around these…..they become………..

A 
Upper
Energy
Erode
Harder rock
Erode
Hills
River 
Spurs
Hills
Interlocked
36
Q

What are the main processes operating in the upper course of a river

A

Processes of river erosion

37
Q

V shaped valley:
A rivers………..is….in the……course and so the river only has enough……..to…………………. This is called…………………

A 
Discharge 
Low
Course 
Energy
Erode downwards 
Vertical erosion
38
Q

What is the definition of discharge

A

The amount of water in a river at a given point

39
Q

What is step 1 to waterfall formation

A

A river meets a layer of less resistant rock

40
Q

What is step 2 of waterfall formation

A

The underlying rock is eroded more quickly by eg - abrasion

41
Q

What is step three to waterfall formation

A

This causes undercutting

42
Q

What is step 4 to waterfall formation

A

The more resistant rock is left unsupported

43
Q

What is step 5 to waterfall formation

A

It collapses and helps to form a deep plunge pool

44
Q

What is step 6 to waterfall formation

A

The process is repeated and the waterfall retreats to form a gorge

45
Q

List the first way a flood can be prevented

A

Planting trees in a river basin, the trees act as a break on rainfall and reduce the amount of rain reaching the ground, trees also use up water as they grow

46
Q

List the second way floods can be prevented

A

River channels are made larger by dredging, so that they can hold more water

47
Q

List the third way floods can be prevented

A

Walls called flood embankments are built to increase the height of the river channel

48
Q

What is the forth way to prevent floods

A

Flood relief (by-pass) channels can be built around towns. They divert excess water out of rivers and reduce the risk of flooding

49
Q

A cross section through a meander

What was the the 1st bullet point on this^

A

In the middle course, rivers erode laterally (side to side)

50
Q

A cross section through a meander

What was the second bullet point on this^

A

Water is pushed to the outer bend of a meander

51
Q

A cross section through a meander

What was the third point on this^

A

The river erodes the outer bend to form a river cliff eg- abrasion, hydraulic action

52
Q

A cross section through a meander

What was the fourth point on this^

A

The river moves to the inner bend and deposits material. This is called a slip off slope

53
Q

How is a river cliff formed

A

The river erodes the outer bend to form a river cliff eg-abrasion, hydraulic action

54
Q

How is a slip off slope formed

A

The river moves to the inner bend and deposits material. This is called a slip off slope

55
Q

What is a flood plain

A

A floodplain is a feature found in the lower course of a river, as a result of deposition

56
Q

How are floodplains formed

A

Floodplains are formed by deposition in times of river flood

57
Q

Floodplains:

What is the rivers load composed of

A

Different sized particles

58
Q

Floodplains

When a river floods what particles does it deposit first

A

The heaviest

59
Q

Floodplains

The larger particles often pebble sized form….

A

Leveés

60
Q

What are floodplains very good for and why

A

For farming as the soil is very fertile

61
Q

What is a flood

A

A flood is when there is too much water for a river channel to hold. The excess water simply spills over the rivers banks and floods the neighbouring land

62
Q

In the U.K. When do floods normally occur

A

In early spring, when heavy rain and melting snows combine to produce more water that the river channels can hold

63
Q

When a river floods where is the material it is carrying deposited

A

On surrounding land to create a floodplain

64
Q

What is the material that is deposited to surrounding called and name 2 things about

A

This material is called alluvium and is very fertile, this makes floodplains attractive to farmers

65
Q

Case study of Spanish Pyrenees

What?

A

A flash flood sent torrents if water, mud, rocks and uprooted trees through a campsites

66
Q

Case study of Spanish Pyrenees

When

A

August 1996

67
Q

Case study of Spanish Pyrenees

Where

A

Mountains of northern Spain, Spanish Pyrenees

68
Q

Case study of Spanish Pyrenees

Who

A

60 people killed, 200 injured

69
Q

Case study of Spanish Pyrenees

Why

A

The flood followed 2 days of heavy rain and thunderstorms, some of the many small streams, flowing down the mountainside burst their banks. A bridge above the campsite became blocked by broken tree trunks, water collected behind the bridge and then the bright gave way, all the water that had built up behind the bridge poured through the campsite

70
Q

List some natural causes of flooding

A

Heavy rainfall- saturates the ground

Snow melt- snow turns to water and adds to water going in the river

71
Q

List some human causes of flooding

A

removal of trees-root of tree suck up water
Concrete surfaces - these surfaces are impermeable ie- don’t allow water to pass through. Therefore takes water quickly back to river

72
Q

What is a flash flood

A

A flood that happens very quickly without prior warning

73
Q

How is a levée formed

A

When a river floods it deposits the heaviest of these particles first, the larger particles often pebble sized form levées

Year 9 Geography (7 decks)

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