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Year 9 Geography > Glaciation > Flashcards

Glaciation Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the last ice age

A

About 18,000 years ago

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2
Q

What do ice ages have and what are these called

A

Intermittent warm periods, called interglacials

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3
Q

Definition of a glacier

A

Slow moving rivers of ice

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4
Q

An example of a European glacier

A

Mer de glace, France

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5
Q

Definition of ice sheets

A

The large areas of thick ice found in Antarctica and Greenland

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6
Q

Definition of ice caps

A

Smaller areas of thick ice

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7
Q

Definition of crevasses

A

Cracks in the ice

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8
Q

The glacier system consists of what

A

Input, transfers (flows), stores and outputs

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9
Q

Where do inputs come from

A

From avalanches along the sides of the glacier but mainly from precipitation as snow

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10
Q

What happens to snow over time and where is it stored

A

Snow accumulates and is pressed into ice, the water held in storage is the glacier

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11
Q

Under the force of gravity the glacier flows where

A

Downhill

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12
Q

What is the main output from the glacier along with some evaporation

A

Meltwater

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13
Q

What is an iceage

A

A period when there is long term reduction in the temperature resulting in the presence or expansion of ice

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14
Q

What does the the balance between inputs and outputs do

A

Vary

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15
Q

In winter what do inputs normally do

A

Exceed outputs near to the head of the glacier (accumulation)

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16
Q

Where does the glacier advance

A

Near the head

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17
Q

In the summer and at lower altitudes what exceeds what

A

Outputs will exceed inputs (ablation), here the glacier retreats

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18
Q

What are most of the worlds remaining glaciers doing

A

Retreating

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19
Q

Processes that operate in the glacier system:
1- frost shattering
First step

A

Water finds its way into small cracks in the rock

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20
Q

Processes that operate in the glacier system:
1- frost shattering
Second step

A

At night, when temp drops to 0 degrees or below, the water freezes. The water expands as it freezes creating huge forces on surrounding areas of the rock. During the day when temp warms up the frozen water thaws

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21
Q

Processes that operate in the glacier system:
1- frost shattering
Step 3

A

This process is repeated over and over, causing oh her cracks in the rock

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22
Q

Processes that operate in the glacier system:
1- frost shattering
Step four

A

This process this is called frost shattering or freeze thaw weathering. It provides the main source of material for glaciers to use in erosion

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23
Q

Processes that operate in the glacier system:

2- abrasion

A

The material frozen into the glacier scours the valley sides and base. This is a sand-papering effect similar to corrasion by a river but on a far larger scale

24
Q

Processes that operate in the glacier system:

3- plucking

A

The water at the bottom of the glacier freezes onto rock on the valley base. As the glacier moves the rock is pulled away from the valley base. Plucking normally occurs when the rock is well jointed

25
Q

Landforms created by glacial erosion
1: corrie
First point

A

Snow collects in a natural hollow on the side of a mountain. Over time further snow collects in the hollow. This extra weight compresses the snow underneath, turning it into ice

26
Q

Landforms created by glacial erosion
1: corrie
Second point

A

The is deepened and widened by the processes of abrasion and plucking

27
Q

Landforms created by glacial erosion
1: corrie
Point 3

A

This leads to an ‘armchair’ shape and causes a ‘rock lip’ to be formed

28
Q

Landforms created by glacial erosion

2: Arête

A

An arête is a very narrow ridge on a mountain and is sometimes described like a knife edge

29
Q

Landforms created by glacial erosion

3- pyramidal peak

A

A pyramidal peak is an angular sharply pointed mounted peak in which results from corrie erosion due to multiple glaciers diverging from a central point

30
Q

What is an example of a pyramidal peak

A

The matterhorn in the Alps

31
Q

Definition of glacial trough/ u shaped called

A

This is when glaciers cut distinctive u shaped valleys with a flat floor and steep sides

32
Q

Definition of a truncated spur

A

As the valley glacier moves, abrasion and plucking, erode the protruding tips of the Spurs, leaving the, truncated

33
Q

Definition of a hanging valley

A

This is a side valley that enters a main valley at a height, high above the main valley floor

34
Q

Definition of a misfit stream

A

This is a stream that is too small to have eroded the u shaped valley in which it flows

35
Q

Landforms created by glacial deposition:

1- moraines

A

Moraine is a type of landform that is created when a glacier deposits the material (till) that it has been transporting

36
Q

Landforms created by glacial deposition:

List 5 types of moraine

A 
Lateral
Medial
Ground
Recessional
Terminal
37
Q

Landforms created by glacial deposition:

2- drumlins

A

Drumlins are formed of till. They are elongated features that can reach a kilometre in length or more, 500m or so in width and over 50m in height.

38
Q

Landforms created by glacial deposition:

What is a collection of drumlins called

A

A swarm

39
Q

Landforms created by glacial deposition:

3- Glacial stritations

A

Scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by glacial abrasion

40
Q

The features of glacial deposition:

Ground moraine

A

This is moraine that is dragged Beneath a glacier and forms part of the valley floor

41
Q

The features of glacial deposition:

Lateral moraine

A

This is moraine that is produced from frost shattering of the valley sides and is carried at the sides of the glacier

42
Q

The features of glacial deposition:

Terminal moraine

A

This is moraine found at at the snout (end) of the glacier and marks the maximum advance of a glacier
Material that’s deposited and shows maximum advance of glacier and glacier retreats

43
Q

The features of glacial deposition:

Medial moraine

A

This is moraine found at the centre of a glacier

44
Q

The features of glacial deposition:

Recessional moraine

A

This is moraine that marks interrupt ions in the retreat of a glacier

45
Q

The features of glacial deposition:

Erratics

A

This is a boulder that is different to the bedrock upon which it is sitting. They have been transported and deposited by a glacier. Therefore erratics are useful indicators of patterns of former ice flow

46
Q

Landforms as a result of erosion and deposition:

Ribbon lake

A

These are narrow lakes, found on the valley floors of glacial troughs

47
Q

Landforms as a result of erosion and deposition:

How is a ribbon lake formed

A

When a glacier moves along its valley, areas of softer rock may be eroded more easily. When a glacier retreats, deepened sections fill with melt water and become lakes. Deposition of moraine, across the valley, can also act as a dam, trapping the meltwater and there by, creating a ribbon lake

48
Q

Landforms as a result of erosion and deposition:
Avalanches…
What is an avalanche

A

A mass of snow and ice that moves very rapidly down a mountainside

49
Q

Natural causes of avalanches

A

In the spring melting weakens the layers of ice and snow causing them to become unstable

A small earthquake

50
Q

Human causes of avalanches

A

People skiing and snowboarding

51
Q

Case study - Galtur Austria (Avalanche)

When

A

Tuesday 23rd of February 1999

52
Q

Case study - Galtur Austria (Avalanche)

Where

A

In Galtur, in a small village in the Austrian Alps

53
Q

Case study - Galtur Austria (Avalanche)

Consequences of this Avalanche

A

8 dead
Leading up to 30 missing
Tens of thousands stranded, in train stations, traffic jams, and isolated resource towns across France, Switzerland, Italy and Austria, as the avalanche buried roads, homes and railways
Helicopters couldn’t get in due to bad weather
People rescued were badly injured

54
Q

Ways to reduce the hazard of avalanches

A

by building wooden fences to hold back the snow
Trees hold the snow pack together
Trees will break up smaller avalanches, preventing them from becoming too dangerous
Roads and buildings at risk can have shutes built to protect them

55
Q

Second definition of an interglacial

A

A period of time between one iceage and another

56
Q

What percent of the planet was covered in ice during the last ice age

A

30%

57
Q

What do glacial stritations indicate

A

The direction of ice

Year 9 Geography (7 decks)

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