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Rivers Flashcards

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1
Q

factors causing increased population

A

In LEDCS:
-children being needed to work for increased family income
- lack of family planning available
- contraception and birth control is not widely available
-cultural norm to have large families
- counter high infant mortality rate
- women are less career focused
- sufficient care for elderlies
Worldwide:
- more births than deaths
-improved medical knowledge
- better quality housing
- improved food nutrition

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2
Q

carrying capacity

A

the number of people, animals or crops which a region can support without environmental degradation

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3
Q

optimum population

A

density of the population which the given resources and skills, produces the maximum economic welfare or allow the highest standard of living

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4
Q

consequences of over population

A
  • strained resources–> food, water and space
    -difficulty providing amenities
  • increased tax revenue
    -intense competition for land
  • more competition for jobs
    -heavy traffic congestion
    -high house prices-
    -increased levels of poverty-higher levels of unemployment
    -food insecurity/scarcity
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5
Q

causes of under population

A
  • diseases/ pandemics
    -emigration
    -crop failure, scarcity of food
  • high death rates
  • low fertility rate
    -lack of migration
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6
Q

consequences of under population

A
  • lack of workforce
    -lower productivity
  • reduces tax–> difficulty paying for services
  • villages become uninhabited
  • job vacancy
  • schools close down
  • idle resources
  • businesses close down
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7
Q

-problems a large dependent population causes

A
  • burden on economically active
    -higher dependency ratio
  • not make money
  • food has to be provided
  • pressure on working population
  • tax increase –> dont pay tax
  • cost of providing pensions is high
  • cost of services will increase
  • cost of social care/ child care will increase
  • need to attract workers from abroad
  • lack of workforce
    -difficulty defending country –> lack of potential soldiers
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8
Q

how has china addressed their high population issue?

A

-one child policy (anti- natalist policy)
- caused aging population
- first birth control programme in 1956
- started in 1980 and ended in 2016
- optimum population is 700 million, hope to be achieved by 2080

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9
Q

what is population density?

A

amount of people in a square KM

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10
Q

how does climate influence population density?

A
  • cold climates increase cost due to need to heat homes
  • hot climates are uncomfortable, cost of AC
  • difficult to grow crops in hot and cold climates
  • flooding risk is detrimental to housing, transport and communications
  • frequent droughts leads to health issues and crop failure
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11
Q

how did France address its low population issue?

A
  • pro- natalist policy
  • introduced in 1939
  • code de la famille
  • longer maternity leave
  • higher child benefits
  • improved tax allowances until youngest child turns 18
  • 30% reduction on all public transport for 3 child families
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12
Q

reasons for low birth rates in EMDCs

A

-women are more career focused
- later marriages
- children are seen as financial burden
- improved infant care
-improved education
- family planning
- changes in social norms

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13
Q

types of migration

A

-international
- internal
- forced
- economic voluntary

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14
Q

immigration

A

the international movement of people to a destination country which they are not natives

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15
Q

emigration

A

the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle somewhere else

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16
Q

impacts of migration on donor country

A
  • urban decay
  • reduce GDP
  • brain drain
  • impacts countries development
  • lower population
  • aging population
  • less tax
  • reduced potential military
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17
Q

impact of migration on host country

A
  • brain gain
  • diverse culture
  • more tax
  • improved productivity
  • services under pressure
  • puts pressure on housing
  • language barrier
  • culture clash
  • increase competition for jobs
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18
Q

what is a rural settlement

A

place where people live with scattered houses and limited services

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19
Q

what is an urban settlement

A

a settlement with high population density and high building density

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20
Q

dispersed settlement patterns

A

-spread out with low house density
-farms and isolated housing
-limited services
-tend to be rural

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21
Q

factors that influence settlement patters

A

both physical and human factors but mainly physical cause theyre harder to compensate

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22
Q

nucleated settlements

A

formed around a focal point (eg castle or water source) then grown outward
-clustered and crowded

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23
Q

linear settlements

A

-usually based around physical features
-long and narrow

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24
Q

how are sites chosen

A

more thab 1 natural advantage from
-water source
-building material
-shelter
-good wood supply

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25
Q

define site

A

place where settlement grew from usually influenced by physical factors

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26
Q

why was sterling chosen as a suitable site

A

-extinct volcano which provides building materials
-has a castle which is a historical landmark and provides privacy and good viewpoint
-route center
-water source for transport and food source

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27
Q

whats a settlement function and what are the types of functions for settlement nowadays

A

settlement functions are its main activities. most settlements are usually multifunctional and change from their originaal purpose

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28
Q

what are the 9 different types of settlement functions

A

-route center
-commerical
-market town
-manufactoring
-port hub
-mining town
-residental
-tourist resort
administrative

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29
Q

what happens as you go up and down a settlement hierarchy

A

as you go up the population and services increase
-as you go down population and services decrease

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30
Q

what is a sphere of influence

A

range of area that settlements serve

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31
Q

larger settlement with more services =_____

A

larger sphere of influence

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32
Q

what happens when settlements dont have a high population threshold

A

they wont have many services bc if they do it wont be efficient so people need to travel to larger settlements for services

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33
Q

what are the issues of concentric ring model

A

-assumes flat land is everywhere
-doesnt consider that physical features can restrict growth
-services are spread out from resicendies

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34
Q

whatre the issues of sector model

A

-doesnt condiser that physical features restrict growth
-low class in middle class areas
-doesnt consider out of town development

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35
Q

what are the features of the central business distruct in glasgow

A

-high rise buildings
-crowded
-lots of services
-grid iron street pattern for easy access

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36
Q

why did they change the features of cbd in glasgow

A

-abadoned shops were revamped
-grid iron street pattern caused congestion so they made pedestrianised streets for safety
-increase in car ownership caused damaged

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37
Q

what are the features of glasgows inner city

A

-working class district
-close to cbd
-tennements
-old housing

38
Q

urban sprawl

A

the spreading out of urban settlements to nearby laand

39
Q

whatre the characteristics of the rural urban fringe

A

detached villas
near edge of the city
cul de sac streets so it would be safer for children
quieter
less crime rates
more familly oriented

40
Q

what were the housing managment strategies for glasgows inner city

A

-comprehensive redevelopment
-council housing estates
-urban renewal
-new towns

41
Q

what was the impact of comprehensive redevlopment

A

-space was cleared by demolishing old tennements
-people had to travel for work since it was on the outskirts of the city
-ugly buildings
-high rise flats were dangerous for children
-high unemployment

42
Q

what was the impact of council housing estates

A

-semi detached
-high cost so tennements were built instead
-low rent
-no ammenities
-high crime rates
-expensive to renovate

43
Q

what were the impacts of urban renewal

A

-improving tennements
-flats made bigger
-electricity and water services were upgraded
-cheaper and more effective than comprehensive redevelopment
-highly attractive which increased demand
-close to cbd
-attracted families

44
Q

what were the impacts of new towns

A

-many services provided job oppourtinities
-neighborhoods had libraries and schools for families
-lots of space
-pedestrianised shopping areas

45
Q

reasons for growth in tourism

A

-construction booms
-reduction in transport costs
-packaged holidays
-websites, booking.com
-social media
-salary risen
-paid holidays
-changing mindsets, desire to experience different cultures

46
Q

benefits for growth in tourism

A

-job creation
-diversification of income, coming from multiple sources
-increase population, increased tax
-support for local businesses
-local farmers, hotels food
-more amenties for locals to use
-diverse culture

47
Q

negative impacts of mass tourism

A

-low pay for jobs
-culture clash
-conflict with the locals
-loss of tradition and culture
-increase crime
-urban sprawl
-beaches are too busy
-increase pollution, increased plans and cars and noise pollution
-threat to ntaural environent
-threat to species, alteration in ecoysystems and habitats

48
Q

ecotourism/ sustainbale tourism

A

tourism organised in a way that its level can be sustained without creating irreplacable damage to the environment

49
Q

sustainable tourism strategies

A

-‘fly less and stay longer’
-carbon-offset their flights
-consider ‘slow travel’
-protected areas

50
Q

convection currents

A

causes the crusts plates to move together, pull apart and push past one another

51
Q

constructive (divergent) plate boundary

A

two plates move apart from eachother, causing sea-floor spreading, new oceanic crust is formed e.g. mid atlantic ridge

52
Q

convergent (destructive) plate boundary

A

the oceanic crust moves towards continental crust and is forced underneath continental crust since oceanic crust is denser, deep sea trenches and island arcs are formed

53
Q

conservative plate boundary

A

two plate slip sideways past each other

54
Q

caldera volcano

A

a large mass with a crater where the summit would be

55
Q

composite volcano

A

triangular, pyramidal in shape

56
Q

shield volcano

A

low, wide not as distinct

57
Q

fisher volcano

A

long and narrow, may appear like a crack in the ground

58
Q

distrubution of volanoes

A

-3/4 of the wolrds active volcanoes are located in the pacific ring of fire
-most of them are under the ocean

59
Q

impact of volcanic eruption

A

-crop failure
-mudslides
-floods
-wildfires
-drinking water contamination
-power outages
-human illness
-animal death
-destruction- pyroclastic flow
-human death- burns and injuries

60
Q

impact of earthquakes

A

-interuption of water supplies
-destruction of infrastructure
-breakage of sewage disposal systems
-loss of public utilities, electricty, gas
-floods from collaspased dams
-release of hazardous material
-fires
-spread of chronic illeness
-tsunamis
-landslides and rockfall
-mudflows and debris flows

61
Q

benefits of voclanoes

A

-tourism
-fertiles soi l from volcanic ash, increases profit for farmers, high yield crops
-geothermal energy can be harnessed
-minerals in lava, gold and diamond, can be mined to make money
-buildings can be made from lava rock, building materials
-land formation

62
Q

process of a volcanic eruption

A

-as a result of convection currents and plate tectonics, magma and pressure builds up within the magma chamber
-earthquakes takes place in surrounding area
-acidity of surrounding water increases, relases of gas, water is undrinkable
-increase of amount of harmful gases in atmosphere
-pressure on volcanoes, shape is altered
-steam vent will burst
-pressure will trigger explosion, releases all force

63
Q

predicting volcanoes

A

-seisometers
-chemical sensors, measure increased sulfur levels
-lasers, detects physical swelling of volcano
-ultrasound, monitor low frequency waves in magman

64
Q

how are safe houses built

A

-light roofs
-reinforced walls
-light walls and gables
-small windows
-shock absorbers
-confined masonry

65
Q

eruption mt st helens

A

-may 18th 1980
-5.1 magnitude earthquake, largest landslide in history
-57 deaths
-landslide torn 1300 feet off the side, a crater of 20,000 feet
-cost of damage:3.4 billion USD
-wahsington USA

66
Q

japan earthquake

A

-march 11th 20211
-magnitude 9.1
-19,759 deaths
-cost of damage: 220 billion USD
-plate boundary: destructive plate boundary
-located 100km off the coast
-coastline dropped by 1 meter

67
Q

hydraullic action

A

-force of water wearing down rock

68
Q

abrasion

A

-sediment/rock grinding down material along the river bed as it moves

69
Q

attrition

A

-rocks collide with eachother, causing them to break apart

70
Q

upper course characteristics

A

-cold and wet climate
-v shaped valleys
-fast flowing, high carrying capacity, flows downhill
-narrow
-shallow
-high erosion, high hydraullic action
-large jagged rocks, rocks havent been in river long enough
-waterfalls

71
Q

middle course characteristics

A

-meanders
-ox bow lakes
-flood plains
-levees
-small villages
-farms
-wide
-rounded off pebbles, due to hydraullic action
-deep, abrasion against river bed

72
Q

lower course characteristics

A

-lots of human activity
-deltas
-fine sediment deposition
-slow flowing
-flood plain

73
Q

how are v shaped valleys formed

A

1) hydraullic action and abrasion, river erodes downwards
2) the steep sides are attacked by weathering, this breaks up and loosens the soil and rock
3) loosned material collapses because of gravity, and washed into the river by rain water

74
Q

formation of a waterfall

A

1) fast flowing water in upper course meets a difference in rock type
2) softer secondary rock is eroded faster, creating a plunge pool, falling water and boulders wear away the softer rock
3)hard rock above is undercut
4)hard rock collapses into the plunge pool, position of the water fall moves back leaving behind a gorge, moves it way upstream

75
Q

formation of a pothole:

A

1)river water is swirled around in irregularities in the river bed creating verticles eddies
2) rocks get swept into small depressions and abrode the hallow, rocks are called grinders
3)process continues deepening and enlarging the pothole

76
Q

formation of a meander

A

faster flowing water on the outside, causing erosion. River flows slower on inside, deposition takes place, narrowing the river. Continued arosion bends meander more

77
Q

deltas

A

slow flowing river causes river to split into distubutaries, due to less hydraulic action, creating islands of sediment (deposition)

78
Q

causes of river flooding

A

-flood plains
-increased urbanizations, infiltartion
-intense rainfall
-prolonged rainfall
-geoglogy, permaeble rocks allow water to flow throw pores and cracks, impermaeble rocks do not
-deforestation, increase surface run off
-

79
Q

impact of flooding on property

A

-permanent structureal damage
-water intrusion
-damages rooftops
-cracks in foundation
-fraged electrical wiring

80
Q

impact of flooding on transport

A

-roads closed, increased traffic congestion, traffic delays, diverting routes
-damage of transport networks
-coastal airport damage
-safety risks, increased road accidents

81
Q

impact of flooding on business/economy

A

-lost productivity
-economic activity slows down
-resource inflow slows

82
Q

impact of flooding financial

A

-repair and restorations
-belongings and inventory replacment
-lost wages and business incomes
-decline in property value and base tax

83
Q

impact of flooding on health

A

-water borne and vector borne diseases, cholera and typhoid
-strain health services, loss of porfessionals, and lack of access to medicine
-drowning
-injuries, collapses debris
-population displacement

84
Q

hard engineering

A

-coastal managment technique used to protect coasts by absorbing energy of waves, preventing erosion and flooding, building infrastructures

85
Q

soft engineering

A

-coastal managment that doesnt involve constructing articfical structures, used to help reduce coastal erosion and river flooding

86
Q

examples soft engineering

A

-flood warning and preparations
-planting trees, afforestation
-river restoration

87
Q

examples of hard engineering

A

-dams and resevoirs
-flood relief channels
-floodplain zoning
-raised embankments
-river straightening and dredging

88
Q

evapotranspiration

A

evaporation of water from the surface

89
Q

sublimation

A

glacier to water vapour

90
Q

soil infiltration

A

downward entry of water into soil

91
Q

percolation

A

water moves downwards into soil by gravity

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