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geography > rivers > Flashcards

rivers Flashcards

1
Q

transpiration

A

when water evaporates from the leaves of a tree into the atmosphere

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2
Q

infiltration

A

when water moves into the soil

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3
Q

surface run off

A

the flow of water over the lands surface

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4
Q

percolation

A

movemeny of water through the soil to the water table

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5
Q

ground water flow

A

movement of water througj the permeable rock below watertable

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6
Q

through flow

A

movement of water through the lower soil

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7
Q

draw the hydrological cycle

A

…

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8
Q

drainage baisin

A

an area drained by a river and its tributaries.

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9
Q

6 parts of drainage basin

A 
water shed
confluence
channel
source
tributary
mouth
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10
Q

gradient

A

how steep the river is

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11
Q

velocityhow fast the water flows through the chanel

A
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12
Q

discharge

A

volume of water flowing through a river at a certain time

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13
Q

load

A

the sediment that a river carries

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14
Q

river profile

A

how wide and steep a river valley is

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15
Q

4 types or river erosion

A

hyraulic action
abrasion
solution
attrition

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16
Q

river erosion

A

action of water wearing away the rocks and soils on the valleys bottom and side

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17
Q

hydraulic action

A

this results from thr sheer force of the water hitting the river bed and banks wearing them away

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18
Q

abrasion

A

thsi is caused by meterial carried in water rubbing against bed and banks

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19
Q

solution

A

river water is acidic and dissolves minerals and rocks

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20
Q

attrision

A

sediment particles carried in the river coiled with eachother causing edges to be knocked off

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21
Q

mass movement

A

movement of rocks as soils downstream/slope due to gravity helped by weaker rocks steep slopes and heavy rainfall

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22
Q

3 types of mass movement

A

soil creep
sliding
flows

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23
Q

soil creep

A

where individual particles of spil move slowly down a slope

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24
Q

sliding

A

material moves rapidly down a slope in one go

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25
flows
where masses of soil of rock mixed withe water, flow loke liquid down hill
26
transportation
where a river picks up and carries material as it flows down streem
27
4 examples of transportation
traction saltation suspension solution
28
traction
rolling stones along the bed
29
saltation
sand sizedparticles bounced along the bed in a leaping movement
30
suspension
slit and clay sized particles are carried in water flow
31
solution
some minerals dissolve in the water
32
weathering
breakdown and decay of rock by a natural process usually acting on the river valley sides
33
3 types of weathering
mechanical biological chemical
34
mechanical
rain water enters cracks and freeze water then expand as it turns to ice the pressure causes it to break
35
chemical
more polluted the rain, the more acidic it is and can cause rocks to dissolve
36
biological
seed gets traped inside of rock and then roots of plant grow and crack rocks
37
what is the main process in the upper course
verticle erosion
38
what is the main physical process of the middle course
lateral erosion
39
what is the main process of the lower course ?
deposition
40
features of the upper course
v shaped valleys and interlocking spurs | waterfalls
41
formation of v-shaped valleys and interlocking spurs
1) river erodes chanell vertically through hydraulic action and abrasion 2) steep sides are exposed to weathering 3) weathering weakens rock causing mass movement 4) sediment is transported downstream
42
gorge
a natrow v shapes valled with steep sides
43
formation of waterfalls
1)hard rock overlays soft rock 2)river erodes less resistant rock faster 3)hydraulic action erodes softer rock and forms plunge pool and a notch 4)notch grows&leaves overhanging harder rock collapses as its unsupported 5)abrasion and hydraulic action erode the brocken rock in plunge pool 6)process repeats and waterfall retreats upstream leaving a gorge
44
middle course formations
Meanderd and ox bow lakes
45
formation of meanders | point bar? river cliff?
1)faster water flows on outside of bend eroding banks of river - river cliff 2)slowest water flows on inside of bend depositing material forming a point bar
46
formation of ox bow lakes
1) over time neck of meander closes up 2) during high discharge river erodes (hydraulic/abrasion) across the neck 3) old cahnnel is cut off (by deposition) at each end
47
features of the lower course
floodplains and levees
48
formation of floodplain
1) erosion removes interlocking spurs & creates wide flat area either side of river 2) during a flood,material is deposited 3) over time hight of floodplain increases as material is deposited on either side of river
49
formation of levees
1) sediment that was eroded upstream, is transported downstream 2) when river floods sediment spreads out across foodplain&river looses energy 3) largest materail is deposited on sides of river bank and smaller further away 4) after many floods sediment builds up to increases hight of river bank - channel can carry more water and flooding is less liely in the future
50
human causes of flooding &explanations
``` deforestation - reduces interception housing - impermeable surface dams - banks may burst farmers ploughing - surface run off urbanisation - impermeable surfaces ```
51
physical causes of flooding
impermeable surfaces long periods of heavy rainfall lack of interception glaciors melting- melt water
52
flooding
when a river bursts its banks and flows out the sides of its channel
53
soft flood management strategies
floodplain zooning | washlands
54
hard flood management strategies
flood releif channel channelisation dams and reservoirs
55
flood releif chanels posatives? negatives?
extra channels can be built next to rivers or leading from them an hold high flow so river won’t flood expensive/used as place to put rubbish
56
channelisation posatives? negatives?
deepening / straightening a river can hold more water / long lasting water taken downstream so floods other places / doesn’t look natural
57
dams and reservoirs poatives? negatives?
barriers constructed to hold back water in artificial lakes water can be used for electricity/drinking unsightley/expensive/not used often
58
floodplain zoning poatives? negatives?
alocated areas of lands for different uses according to levels of flood risk prevents destruction in high risk areas large areas of land cannot be used
59
wash lands poatives? negatives?
areas of the food plain that are allowed to flood look natural/cheap/easy limit use of land/change of land use
60
how do storms affect river processes?
increased discharge/erosion(hyraulic/abrasion) as velocity and load increase
61
how do droughts affect physical processes?
decrease in discharge ➡️ erosion ➡️ increase in deposition
62
what are storm hydrographs used for? | when are they drawn?
to show how long it takes for rainfall to reach the river channel after a flood event
63
what do storm hydrographs measure? | which graph?
rainfall (bar chart) | discharge (line graph)
64
factors effecting storm hydrographs?
size of drainage baisin vegatation valley side steepness soil / surface type
65
lag time
delay between maximum amount of rainfall and the peak discharge
66
peak discharge
maximum volume of water in a river a particular time
67
soil permeability
the rate at which water and air moves from upper to lower soil levels
68
permeable
lets water pass through | rocks have tiny pores that water can pass through
69
impermeable
doesn’t let water pass through

geography (5 decks)

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