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rivers Flashcards

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1
Q

transpiration

A

when water evaporates from the leaves of a tree into the atmosphere

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2
Q

infiltration

A

when water moves into the soil

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3
Q

surface run off

A

the flow of water over the lands surface

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4
Q

percolation

A

movemeny of water through the soil to the water table

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5
Q

ground water flow

A

movement of water througj the permeable rock below watertable

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6
Q

through flow

A

movement of water through the lower soil

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7
Q

draw the hydrological cycle

A

…

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8
Q

drainage baisin

A

an area drained by a river and its tributaries.

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9
Q

6 parts of drainage basin

A 
water shed
confluence
channel
source
tributary
mouth
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10
Q

gradient

A

how steep the river is

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11
Q

velocityhow fast the water flows through the chanel

A
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12
Q

discharge

A

volume of water flowing through a river at a certain time

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13
Q

load

A

the sediment that a river carries

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14
Q

river profile

A

how wide and steep a river valley is

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15
Q

4 types or river erosion

A

hyraulic action
abrasion
solution
attrition

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16
Q

river erosion

A

action of water wearing away the rocks and soils on the valleys bottom and side

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17
Q

hydraulic action

A

this results from thr sheer force of the water hitting the river bed and banks wearing them away

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18
Q

abrasion

A

thsi is caused by meterial carried in water rubbing against bed and banks

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19
Q

solution

A

river water is acidic and dissolves minerals and rocks

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20
Q

attrision

A

sediment particles carried in the river coiled with eachother causing edges to be knocked off

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21
Q

mass movement

A

movement of rocks as soils downstream/slope due to gravity helped by weaker rocks steep slopes and heavy rainfall

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22
Q

3 types of mass movement

A

soil creep
sliding
flows

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23
Q

soil creep

A

where individual particles of spil move slowly down a slope

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24
Q

sliding

A

material moves rapidly down a slope in one go

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25
Q

flows

A

where masses of soil of rock mixed withe water, flow loke liquid down hill

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26
Q

transportation

A

where a river picks up and carries material as it flows down streem

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27
Q

4 examples of transportation

A

traction
saltation
suspension
solution

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28
Q

traction

A

rolling stones along the bed

29
Q

saltation

A

sand sizedparticles bounced along the bed in a leaping movement

30
Q

suspension

A

slit and clay sized particles are carried in water flow

31
Q

solution

A

some minerals dissolve in the water

32
Q

weathering

A

breakdown and decay of rock by a natural process usually acting on the river valley sides

33
Q

3 types of weathering

A

mechanical
biological
chemical

34
Q

mechanical

A

rain water enters cracks and freeze water then expand as it turns to ice the pressure causes it to break

35
Q

chemical

A

more polluted the rain, the more acidic it is and can cause rocks to dissolve

36
Q

biological

A

seed gets traped inside of rock and then roots of plant grow and crack rocks

37
Q

what is the main process in the upper course

A

verticle erosion

38
Q

what is the main physical process of the middle course

A

lateral erosion

39
Q

what is the main process of the lower course ?

A

deposition

40
Q

features of the upper course

A

v shaped valleys and interlocking spurs

waterfalls

41
Q

formation of v-shaped valleys and interlocking spurs

A

1) river erodes chanell vertically through hydraulic action and abrasion
2) steep sides are exposed to weathering
3) weathering weakens rock causing mass movement
4) sediment is transported downstream

42
Q

gorge

A

a natrow v shapes valled with steep sides

43
Q

formation of waterfalls

A

1)hard rock overlays soft rock
2)river erodes less resistant rock faster
3)hydraulic action erodes softer rock and forms plunge pool and a notch
4)notch grows&leaves overhanging
harder rock collapses as its unsupported
5)abrasion and hydraulic action erode the brocken rock in plunge pool
6)process repeats and waterfall retreats upstream leaving a gorge

44
Q

middle course formations

A

Meanderd and ox bow lakes

45
Q

formation of meanders

point bar? river cliff?

A

1)faster water flows on outside of bend eroding banks of river - river cliff
2)slowest water flows on inside of bend
depositing material forming a point bar

46
Q

formation of ox bow lakes

A

1) over time neck of meander closes up
2) during high discharge river erodes (hydraulic/abrasion) across the neck
3) old cahnnel is cut off (by deposition) at each end

47
Q

features of the lower course

A

floodplains and levees

48
Q

formation of floodplain

A

1) erosion removes interlocking spurs & creates wide flat area either side of river
2) during a flood,material is deposited
3) over time hight of floodplain increases as material is deposited on either side of river

49
Q

formation of levees

A

1) sediment that was eroded upstream, is transported downstream
2) when river floods sediment spreads out across foodplain&river looses energy
3) largest materail is deposited on sides of river bank and smaller further away
4) after many floods sediment builds up to increases hight of river bank - channel can carry more water and flooding is less liely in the future

50
Q

human causes of flooding &explanations

A 
deforestation - reduces interception
housing - impermeable surface
dams - banks may burst
farmers ploughing - surface run off
urbanisation - impermeable surfaces
51
Q

physical causes of flooding

A

impermeable surfaces
long periods of heavy rainfall
lack of interception
glaciors melting- melt water

52
Q

flooding

A

when a river bursts its banks and flows out the sides of its channel

53
Q

soft flood management strategies

A

floodplain zooning

washlands

54
Q

hard flood management strategies

A

flood releif channel
channelisation
dams and reservoirs

55
Q

flood releif chanels
posatives?
negatives?

A

extra channels can be built next to rivers or leading from them
an hold high flow so river won’t flood
expensive/used as place to put rubbish

56
Q

channelisation
posatives?
negatives?

A

deepening / straightening a river
can hold more water / long lasting
water taken downstream so floods other places / doesn’t look natural

57
Q

dams and reservoirs
poatives?
negatives?

A

barriers constructed to hold back water in artificial lakes
water can be used for electricity/drinking
unsightley/expensive/not used often

58
Q

floodplain zoning
poatives?
negatives?

A

alocated areas of lands for different uses according to levels of flood risk
prevents destruction in high risk areas
large areas of land cannot be used

59
Q

wash lands
poatives?
negatives?

A

areas of the food plain that are allowed to flood
look natural/cheap/easy
limit use of land/change of land use

60
Q

how do storms affect river processes?

A

increased discharge/erosion(hyraulic/abrasion) as velocity and load increase

61
Q

how do droughts affect physical processes?

A

decrease in discharge ➡️ erosion ➡️ increase in deposition

62
Q

what are storm hydrographs used for?

when are they drawn?

A

to show how long it takes for rainfall to reach the river channel
after a flood event

63
Q

what do storm hydrographs measure?

which graph?

A

rainfall (bar chart)

discharge (line graph)

64
Q

factors effecting storm hydrographs?

A

size of drainage baisin
vegatation
valley side steepness
soil / surface type

65
Q

lag time

A

delay between maximum amount of rainfall and the peak discharge

66
Q

peak discharge

A

maximum volume of water in a river a particular time

67
Q

soil permeability

A

the rate at which water and air moves from upper to lower soil levels

68
Q

permeable

A

lets water pass through

rocks have tiny pores that water can pass through

69
Q

impermeable

A

doesn’t let water pass through

geography (5 decks)

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