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coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

how is igneous rock formed

characteristic?

A

when molten rock cools down and harderns

crystals

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2
Q

2 examples of igneous rock

A

basalt and granite

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3
Q

how is sedimentary rock formed

A

when layers of sediment are compacted together until it becomes solid rock

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4
Q

3 characteristics of sedimentry rock

A

softer,easily eroded and layers

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5
Q

2 examples of sedimentary rock

A

sandstone and chalk

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6
Q

how is metamorphic rock formed

A

when other rocks are changed by heat or pressure

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7
Q

2 characteristics of metamorphic rock

A

harder and more compact

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8
Q

an example of metamorphic rock

A

clay ➡️ slate

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9
Q

what rocks do upland areas of uk consist of

A

more resistant igneous and metamorphicrocks that have eroded slowly over time

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10
Q

what rocks do lowland areas consist of

A

younger sedimentary rocks that form rolling hills and valleys and are alot less resistant to erosion

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11
Q

case study: Dartmoor

where?formed?human activity effecting?

A 
upland
south east england
granute cooled and solidified from molten rock made of granite ( igneous)
moorland and hilltops
deforestation and mining
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12
Q

case study: South downs

where?formed?effected?

A

lowland
southern devon
marine deposits that made chalk fountains during createous period
downs/hills/valleys
erosion caused slopes and hills from ice age weathering caused v-shaped valleys

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13
Q

what are the 5 physical processes

A 
weathering 
deposition
transportation
mass movement
erosion
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14
Q

3 types of weathering

A

mechanical
biological
chemical

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15
Q

deposition

A

when sea loses energy, it drops the material it has been carying

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16
Q

4 factors that lead to deposition

A

constructive waves
shallow water
sheltered areas
little or no wind

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17
Q

transportation

A

the movement of sediment alaong a coastline

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18
Q

4 types of transportation

A

solution
suspension
saltation
traction

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19
Q

mass movement

A

the downhill movement of sediment that moves due to gravity

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20
Q

4 types of mass movement

A

rockfall
muddlow
landslide
rotational

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21
Q

erosion

A

wearing away of roack along a coastline

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22
Q

are constructive or destructive waves responsible for ersosion?

A

destructive

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23
Q

4 types of erosion

A

hydraulic action
abrasion
attrition
solution

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24
Q

mechanical weathering

A

sea water gets into cracks and evaparates and salt crystals expand

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25
Q

chemical weathering

A

rain falls on rocks and a weak chemical reaction occurs

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26
Q

biological weathering

A

plant roots break down rocks and then grow in cracks

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27
Q

hydraulic action

A

waves crash against the rocks and compress air in cracks with causes rock to widen

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28
Q

abrasion

A

particles rub against the rock

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29
Q

attrition

A

particles smash into eachother and break into smaller fragments

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30
Q

solution

A

disolved CO2 makes sea acidic and the acid reacts chemically with the rock

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31
Q

rockfall

A

bits fall off the face of the cliff

32
Q

mudflow

A

saturated soil flows down

33
Q

landslide

A

large blocks of rock slide downhill

34
Q

rotational slip

A

saturated soil slumps down a curved surface

35
Q

solution

A

minerals in rocks are dissolved in sea water then carried in solution

36
Q

suspension

A

small particles are suspended in the flow of the water

37
Q

saltation

A

small pieces of shingle or large sand garins are bounced along the sea bed

38
Q

traction

A

pebbles are rolled along the sea bed

39
Q

longshore drift definition

A

movement of materail along the coastline

40
Q

process of longshore drift

A

waves aproach the coast at the angle of the prevailing wind and the waves break down the sediment in the rock
swash carries materail towards beach
backwash flows back to the sea
process rrpeats in a zigzag motion

41
Q

constructive waves

characteristics? found? season?beach?

A

builds up beaches and stronger swash
sheltered bays and spits
more common in summer
builds up sandy beaches

42
Q

destructive waves

characteristics?found in?season?beach?

A

erodes headlands and stronger backwash
exposed bays
more commen in winter
builds up pepple beaches

43
Q

fetch

2 factors that create long fetch

A

length of water the wind blows over

strong wind and long amount of time

44
Q

4 steps of how waves are formed

A

1) wind blows acriss ocean
2) wind pushes parts of water down
3) inturn pushed other parts of water up
4) these areas start spinning in a cycle begining to form a wave

45
Q

crest

A

top of a wave

46
Q

wave length

A

distance between 2 crests

47
Q

wave frequency

A

number of waves breaking per minute

48
Q

swash

A

waves carrying sediment towards land

49
Q

backwash

A

the waves draging sediment back into the ocean

50
Q

how headlands and bays are formed

A

when there alternating bands of resistant and less resistant rock along a coast

51
Q

how wave cut platforms and cliffs are formed

A

destructive waves attach bottom of the rock and the waves under crack the cliff
it gets deeper and the overhanging cliff above becomes unsupported and eventually colapses

52
Q

how coves form

A

the harder rock acts as a barrier but if breached the sea is able to erode the softer rock behind

53
Q

caves,arches,stacks and stumps are ……

features that are commonly found on……

A

erosional

headlands

54
Q

formation of caves

A

as waves continue to grind away at the crack it begins to open and form a cave

55
Q

formation of arches

A

caves become larger and eventually break through the headland

56
Q

formation of stacks

A

base of arch continually becomes wider through erosion until its roof becomes too heavy and collapses into the sea

57
Q

formation of a stump

A

when a stack is undercut at the base until it collapses to form a stump

58
Q

formation of bars

laggoons?

A

spits grow across a bay and join 2 headlands together

they can sometimes trap shallow lakes behind the bar these are known as lagoons

59
Q

formation of spits

A

occur when there is a change in shape of the landscape

sediment is carries by longshore drift,depostition occurs and a long ridge of material is deposited

60
Q

depositional landforms

A

the build up of deposited sediment can form different features along the coast

61
Q

3 depositional landforms

A

beaches
spits
bars

62
Q

4 examples of erosional landforms

A

headlands and bays
wave cut platforms
coves
caves,arches,stacks,stumps

63
Q

soft engeneering

A

sustainable and natural approach to managing the coast

64
Q

3 soft engineering strategies

A

beach nourishment
reprofiling
dune nourishment

65
Q

beach nourishment
posatives?
negatives?

A

sand is pumped onto beach&it builds up
blends in and good fir tourism
needs constant replacement

66
Q

reprofiling
posatives?
negatives?

A

sediment redistributed from lower to upper part of the beach
cheap,simple,reduces wave energy
must be low wave energy ,needs constant repeating

67
Q

dune nourishment
postatives?
negatives?

A

grass planted on sand dunes which stabalises and traps sand & builds up
cheap and natural looking
damaged by storms

68
Q

why do coasts need to be protected?

A

to protect homes and businesses
prevent damage and destruction
protect wildlife
for research

69
Q

hard engineering

A

building artificial structures to control natural processes

70
Q

4 types of hard engineering strategies

A

sea wall
rock armour
gabions
groynes

71
Q

coastal recession-

effects?

A

land and properties lost at sea due to flooding

farms at risk/jobs lost/financial loss

72
Q

3 human activities that effect coastal erosion and recession

A

industry
urbanisation
agriculture

73
Q

effect of storm surges

A 
homes&businesses vunrable to flooding
coastal industries shut down 
damage to infrastructure 
pit tourists off visiting
houses,businesses,farms lost at sea
74
Q

sea wall
posatives?
negatives?

A

concreate walls placed ata foot of a cliff prevents erosion & reflects wave energy
effective/can walk on the beach
expensive/can be brocken down

75
Q

rock armour
posatives?
negatives?

A

large boulders at foot of cliffs that breaks waves and absorbs wave energy
cheap/easy to maintain
expensive/don’t fit in with the landscape

76
Q

gabions
posatives?
negatives?

A

rocks in mesh cages to prevent erosion
cheap
not stronh/look very unnatural

77
Q

groynes
posatives?
negatives?

A

wooden/rock structures placed along beach at a right angle to the sea
encourages tourism
increases erosion somewhere else
prevents longshore drift-traps sediment

geography (5 decks)

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